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IEC TR 60146-1-2
Edition 5.0 2019-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated
converters –
Part 1-2: Application guide
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IEC TR 60146-1-2
Edition 5.0 2019-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT
Semiconductor converters – General requirements and line commutated
converters –
Part 1-2: Application guide
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.045; 29.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-7525-2
– 2 – IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019 © IEC 2019
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 8
1 Scope . 10
2 Normative references . 10
3 Terms and definitions . 11
3.1 Tems and definitions related to converter faults . 11
3.2 Terms and definitions related to converter generated transients. 12
3.3 Terms and definitions related to temperature . 13
4 Application of semiconductor power converters . 13
4.1 Application . 13
4.1.1 General . 13
4.1.2 Conversion equipment and systems. 14
4.1.3 Supply source conditioning (active and reactive power) . 14
4.2 Equipment specification data . 14
4.2.1 Main items on the specification . 14
4.2.2 Terminal markings . 14
4.2.3 Additional information . 15
4.2.4 Unusual service conditions . 16
4.3 Converter transformers and reactors . 16
4.4 Calculation factors . 16
4.4.1 General . 16
4.4.2 Voltage ratios . 21
4.4.3 Line side transformer current factor . 21
4.4.4 Valve-side transformer current factor . 21
4.4.5 Inductive direct voltage regulation due to transformer . 22
4.4.6 Magnetic circuit . 22
4.4.7 Transformer guaranteed load losses . 22
4.4.8 Transformer guaranteed short-circuit impedance . 22
4.4.9 Line side fundamental current factor . 22
4.5 Parallel and series connections. 23
4.5.1 Parallel or series connection of valve devices . 23
4.5.2 Parallel or series connection of assemblies and equipment units . 23
4.6 Power factor . 24
4.6.1 General . 24
4.6.2 Symbols used in the determination of displacement factor . 24
4.6.3 Circle diagram for the approximation of the displacement factor cosϕ
1N
and of the reactive power Q for rectifier and inverter operation . 26
1LN
4.6.4 Calculation of the displacement factor cosϕ . 26
4.6.5 Conversion factor . 28
4.7 Direct voltage regulation . 28
4.7.1 General . 28
4.7.2 Inherent direct voltage regulation. 29
4.7.3 Direct voltage regulation due to AC system impedance . 33
4.7.4 Information to be exchanged between supplier and purchaser about
direct voltage regulation of the converter . 35
4.8 Voltage limits for reliable commutation in inverter mode . 36
4.9 AC voltage waveform . 36
5 Application information . 37
5.1 Practical calculation of the operating parameters . 37
5.1.1 General . 37
5.1.2 Assumptions . 38
5.1.3 Preliminary calculations . 38
5.1.4 Calculation of the operating conditions . 39
5.2 Supply system voltage change due to converter loads . 41
5.2.1 Fundamental voltage change . 41
5.2.2 Minimum R requirements for voltage change . 41
1SC
5.2.3 Converter transformer ratio . 41
5.2.4 Transformer rating . 42
5.3 Compensation of converter reactive power consumption . 43
5.3.1 Average reactive power consumption. 43
5.3.2 Required compensation of the average reactive power . 43
5.3.3 Voltage fluctuations with fixed reactive power compensation . 44
5.4 Supply voltage distortion . 45
5.4.1 Commutation notches . 45
5.4.2 Operation of several converters on the same supply line . 47
5.5 Quantities on the line side. 48
5.5.1 RMS value of the line current . 48
5.5.2 Harmonics on the line side, approximate method for 6-pulse converters . 48
5.5.3 Minimum R requirements for harmonic distortion . 51
1SC
5.5.4 Estimated phase shift of the harmonic currents . 52
5.5.5 Addition of harmonic currents . 52
5.5.6 Peak and average harmonic spectrum . 52
5.5.7 Transformer phase shift . 53
5.5.8 Sequential gating, two 6-pulse converters. 53
5.6 Power factor compensation and harmonic distortion. 54
5.6.1 General . 54
5.6.2 Resonant frequency . 54
5.6.3 Directly connected capacitor bank . 54
5.6.4 Estimation of the resonant frequency . 54
5.6.5 Detuning reactor . 56
5.6.6 Ripple control frequencies (carrier frequencies) . 57
5.7 Direct voltage harmonic content . 57
5.8 Other considerations . 58
5.8.1 Random control angle . 58
5.8.2 Sub-harmonic instability . 58
5.8.3 Harmonic filters . 59
5.8.4 Approximate capacitance of cables . 59
5.9 Calculation of DC short-circuit current of converters . 59
5.10 Guidelines for the selection of the immunity class . 59
5.10.1 General . 59
5.10.2 Converter Immunity class . 60
5.10.3 Selection of the immunity class . 60
6 Test requirements. 63
6.1 Guidance on power loss evaluation by short-circuit test . 63
6.1.1 Single-phase connections . 63
6.1.2 Polyphase double-way connections . 64
– 4 – IEC TR 60146-1-2:2019 © IEC 2019
6.1.3 Polyphase single-way connections . 64
6.2 Procedure for evaluation of power losses by short-circuit method . 64
6.3 Test methods . 65
6.3.1 Method A1 . 65
6.3.2 Method B . 66
6.3.3 Method C . 66
6.3.4 Method D .
...