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TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 80004-3
Second edition
2020-11
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 3:
Carbon nano-objects
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulaire —
Partie 3: Nano-objets carbonés
Reference number
ISO/TS 80004-3:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
ISO/TS 80004-3:2020(E)
© ISO 2020
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ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-3:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Basic terms used in the description of carbon nano-objects . 1
3.2 Terms describing specific types of carbon nanoparticles . 5
3.3 Terms describing specific types of carbon nanofibres and nanoplates . 5
3.4 Terms describing nanostructured carbon nano-objects . 7
Annex A (informative) Related carbon nanoscale materials . 8
Bibliography . 9
Index .10
ISO/TS 80004-3:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared jointly by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies, and
Technical Committee IEC/TC 113, Nanotechnology for electrotechnical products and systems, in
collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/
TC 352, Nanotechnologies, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and
CEN (Vienna Agreement). The draft was circulated for voting to the national bodies of both ISO and IEC.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TS 80004-3:2010), which has been
technically revised throughout.
A list of all parts in the ISO/TS 80004 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-3:2020(E)
Introduction
In the last three decades, various new forms of nanoscale carbon materials, including fullerenes,
graphene and carbon nanotubes, have been discovered, synthesized and manufactured. These are
promising materials for many industrial fields associated with nanotechnologies because of their
unique electronic, electromagnetic, thermal, optical and mechanical properties.
In the context of increasing scientific knowledge and a growing number of technical terms in the
field of nanotechnologies (see the Bibliography), the purpose of this document is to define important
terms and concepts for carbon nano-objects in a precise and consistent manner, while clarifying their
interrelationship, as well as their relationship, to existing terms previously used for conventional
carbon materials.
This document belongs to a multi-part vocabulary covering the different aspects of nanotechnologies.
Most of the definitions in this document are deliberately determined so as to be in harmony with a
rational hierarchical system of terminology under development for nanotechnologies, although in some
cases the hierarchical approach needs to be compromised due to the specific usage of individual terms.
ISO/TS 80004-13 further complements this document by providing terms and definitions for graphene
and related two-dimensional (2D) materials. A subset of these terms is only noted herein.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 80004-3:2020(E)
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 3:
Carbon nano-objects
1 Scope
This document defines terms related to carbon nano-objects in the field of nanotechnologies.
It is intended to facilitate communication between organizations’ and individuals’ research, industry
and other interested parties and those who interact with them. Additional terms and definitions for
graphene and two-dimensional materials (2D) materials are provided in ISO/TS 80004-13.
Related carbon nanoscale materials are given in Annex A.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Basic terms used in the description of carbon nano-objects
3.1.1
nanoscale
length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm
Note 1 to entry: Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size are predominantly exhibited in this
length range.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.1]
3.1.2
nanomaterial
material with any external dimension in the nanoscale (3.1.1) or having internal structure or surface
structure in the nanoscale
Note 1 to entry: This generic term is inclusive of nano-object (3.1.3) and nanostructured material (3.1.4).
Note 2 to entry: See also “engineered nanomaterial”, “manufactured nanomaterial” and “incidental nanomaterial”.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.4]
3.1.3
nano-object
discrete piece of material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: The second and third external dimensions are orthogonal to the first dimension and to each other.
ISO/TS 80004-3:2020(E)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.5]
3.1.4
nanostructured material
material having internal nanostructure or surface nanostructure
Note 1 to entry: This definition does not exclude the possibility for a nano-object (3.1.3) to have internal structure
or surface structure. If external dimension(s) are in the nanoscale (3.1.1), the term “nano-object” is recommended.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.7]
3.1.5
nanoparticle
nano-object (3.1.3) with all external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.1.1) where the lengths of the longest
and the shortest axes of the nano-object do not differ significantly
Note 1 to entry: If the dimensions differ significantly (typically by more than three times), terms such as nanofibre
(3.1.7) or nanoplate (3.1.6) may be preferred to the term “nanoparticle”.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.4]
3.1.6
nanoplate
nano-object (3.1.3) with one external dimension in the nanoscale (3.1.1) and the other two external
dimensions significantly larger
Note 1 to entry: The larger external dimensions are not necessarily in the nanoscale.
Note 2 to entry: See 3.1.3, Note 1 to entry. The smallest external dimension is the thickness of the nanoplate.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.6, modified —Note 2 to entry has been replaced.]
3.1.7
nanofibre
nano-object (3.1.3) with two external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.1.1) and the third dimension
significantly larger
Note 1 to entry: The largest external dimension is not necessarily in the nanoscale.
Note 2 to entry: The terms “nanofibril” and “nanofilament” can also be used.
Note 3 to entry: See 3.1.3, Note 1 to entry. Nano-object with two similar external dimensions in the nanoscale
and the third dimension significantly larger.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.5, Note 3 to entry has been replaced.]
3.1.8
nanotube
hollow nanofibre (3.1.7)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.8]
3.1.9
nanorod
solid nanofibre (3.1.7)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.7]
3.1.10
nano-onion
spheroidal nanoparticle (3.1.5) with a concentric multiple shell structure
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
ISO/TS 80004-3:2020(E)
3.1.11
nanocone
cone-shaped nanofibre (3.1.7) or nanoparticle (3.1.5)
3.1.12
nanoribbon
nanotape
nanoplate (3.1.6) with the two larger dimensions significantly different from each other
Note 1 to entry: See 3.1.3, Note 1 to entry.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.10]
3.1.13
graphene
monolayer graphene
single-layer graphene
single layer (3.1.15) of carbon atoms with each atom bound to three neighbours in a honeycomb
structure
Note 1 to entry: It is an important building block of many carbon nano-objects (3.1.3).
Note 2 to entry: As graphene is a single layer, it is also sometimes called “monolayer graphene” or “single-layer
graphene” and abbreviated as “1LG” to distinguish it from bilayer graphene (2LG) (3.1.17) and few-layer graphene
(FLG) (3.1.18).
Note 3 to entry: Graphene has edges and can have defects and grain boundaries where the bonding is disrupted.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-13:2017, 3.1.2.1]
3.1.14
graphite
allotropic form of the element carbon, consisting of graphene (3.1.13) layers stacked parallel to each
other in a three-dimensional, crystalline, long-range order
[6]
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from the definition in the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology .
Note 2 to entry: There are two primary allotropic forms with different stacking arrangements: hexagonal and
rhombohedral.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-13:2017, 3.1.2.2]
3.1.15
layer
discrete material restricted in one dimension, within or at the surface of a condensed phase
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-11:2017, 3.1.2]
3.1.16
two-dimensional material
2D material
material, consisting of one or several layers (3.1.15) with the atoms in each layer strongly bonded to
neighbouring atoms in the same layer, which has one dimension, its thickness, in the nanoscale (3.1.1) or
smaller and the other two dimensions generally at larger scales
Note 1 to entry: The number of layers when a two-dimensional material becomes a bulk material varies
depending on both the material being measured and its properties. In the case of graphene (3.1.13), it is a two-
[7]
dimensional material up to 10 layers thick for electrical measurements , beyond which the electrical properties
of the material are not distinct from those for the bulk [also known as graphite (3.1.14)].
Note 2 to entry: Interlayer bonding is distinct from and weaker than intralayer bonding.
Note 3 to entry: Each layer may contain more than one element.
ISO/TS 80004-3:2020(E)
Note 4 to entry: A two-dimensional material can be a nanoplate (3.1.6).
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-13:2017, 3.1.1.1]
3.1.17
bilayer graphene
2LG
two-dimensional material (3.1.16) consisting of two well-defined stacked graphene (3.1.13) layers
Note 1 to entry: If the stacking registry is known, it can be specified separately, for example, as “Bernal stacked
bilayer graphene”.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-13:2017, 3.1.2.6]
3.1.18
few-layer graphene
FLG
two-dimensional mate
...