|
ISO/IEC TR 30167
Edition 1.0 2021-06
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Internet of things (IoT) – Underwater communication technologies for IoT
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about
ISO/IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address
below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.
IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de
CH-1211 Geneva 20
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform IEC online collection - oc.iec.ch
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a Discover our powerful search engine and read freely all the
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical publications previews. With a subscription you will always
committee, …). It also gives information on projects, replaced have access to up to date content tailored to your needs.
and withdrawn publications.
Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published
containing more than 22 000 terminological entries in English
details all new publications released. Available online and
and French, with equivalent terms in 18 additional languages.
once a month by email.
Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary
(IEV) online.
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
.
ISO/IEC TR 30167
Edition 1.0 2021-06
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Internet of things (IoT) – Underwater communication technologies for IoT
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.020 ISBN 978-2-8322-9865-7
– 2 – ISO/IEC TR 30167:2021 ISO/IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 6
5 Enabling/driving technologies of underwater communication . 7
5.1 General . 7
5.2 Acoustic communication. 8
5.2.1 Technical overview . 8
5.2.2 Trend of technology (modern communication trends) . 14
5.3 Optical (wire/wireless) communication . 21
5.3.1 Technical overview . 21
5.3.2 Trend of technology (modern communication trends) . 24
5.4 Very Low Frequency (VLF)/Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) . 28
5.4.1 Technical overview . 28
5.4.2 Trend of technology (modern communication trends) . 31
5.5 Magnetic fusion communication (MFC). 39
5.5.1 Technical overview . 39
5.5.2 Trend of technology (modern communication trends) . 42
Bibliography . 54
Figure 1 – Example of underwater acoustic sensor network system . 8
Figure 2 – Path loss of sound wave . 10
Figure 3 – Multipath of sound wave . 10
Figure 4 – Terrestrial/underwater interworking gateway . 13
Figure 5 – Underwater cable structure . 21
Figure 6 – Fibre-optic wired communication system overview . 21
Figure 7 – Current underwater cable map . 23
Figure 8 – Optical wired communication system overview . 25
Figure 9 – Optical wired communication system based on WDM technology . 25
Figure 10 – Trideco antenna tower array used in the US Navy's Cutler station . 29
Figure 11 – Valley-span antenna type used by the US navy station, Jim Creek . 29
Figure 12 – Aerial photograph of Clam Lake ELF facility in Wisconsin, USA (1982) . 34
Figure 13 – Cutler VLF transmitter's antenna towers . 36
Figure 14 – Cutler antenna array . 36
Figure 15 – VLF transmission centre in Japan . 38
Figure 16 – Trideco-type antenna placement in Harold E. Holt . 38
Figure 17 – Australian VLF transmitter (1979) . 39
Figure 18 – Shape of envelope . 40
Figure 19 – BPSK modulated signal . 41
Figure 20 – Magnetic field communication and Zigbee communication comparison
experiment . 42
Figure 21 – Experimental water tank for comparing magnetic field communication
characteristics according to medium and distance . 43
Figure 22 – Experimental water tank filled with water and soil . 43
Figure 23 – Strength of magnetic field due to distance in air, water, and soil . 44
Figure 24 – Physical layer packet format. 45
Figure 25 – Preamble area type . 45
Figure 26 – Header area type . 45
Figure 27 – Encoding circuit of header check cyclic redundancy code . 46
Figure 28 – Payload area format . 46
Figure 29 – Definition of Manchester coding . 47
Figure 30 – Definition of NRZ-L coding . 47
Figure 31 – Scrambler block diagram . 48
Figure 32 – ASK modulation diagram . 49
Figure 33 – BPSK modulation diagram . 49
Figure 34 – Preamble coding and modulation process . 49
Figure 35 – Process of coding and modulating headers . 50
Figure 36 – Process of coding and modulating the payload . 50
Figure 37 – Magnetic fusion communication super frame structure . 50
Figure 38 – Magnetic field communication network structure . 51
Figure 39 – Magnetic fusion (power transfer) communication network super-frame
structure . 52
Figure 40 – Magnetic fusion (power transfer) communication network structured
diagram . 53
Table 1 – Envelope parameters . 40
Table 2 – Intensity of magnetic field due to distance in air, water, and soil . 44
Table 3 – Definition of data rate and coding . 46
Table 4 – Definition of frame check cyclic redundancy code . 47
Table 5 – Data rate and coding details . 48
– 4 – ISO/IEC TR 30167:2021 ISO/IEC 2021
INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) –
UNDERWATER COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES FOR IoT
FOREWORD
1) ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission)
form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC
participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the
respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees
collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental,
in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC and ISO on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested IEC and ISO National bodies.
3) IEC and ISO documents have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC and
ISO National bodies in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of
IEC and ISO documents is accurate, IEC and ISO cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used
or for any misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC and ISO National bodies undertake to apply IEC and ISO
documents transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any
divergence between any IEC and ISO document and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be
clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC and ISO do not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC and ISO marks of conformity. IEC and ISO are not
responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this document.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC and ISO or their directors, employees, servants or agents including individual
experts and members of its technical committees and IEC and ISO National bodies for any personal injury,
property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including
legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this ISO/IEC document or any
other IEC and ISO documents.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this document. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this document.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this ISO/IEC document may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC and ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC TR 30167 has been prepared by subcommittee 41: Internet of Things and Digital Twin,
of IEC joint technical committee 1: Information technology. It is a Technical Report.
The text of this Technical Report is based on the following documents:
DTR Report on voting
JTC1-SC41/183/DTR JTC1-SC41/203A/RVDTR
Full information on the voting for the approval of this Technical Report can be found in the
report on voting ind
...