History of physics

Introduction History of Physics 1. The invention of the telescope One day in June 1608, Galileo heard that a Dutchman had assembled a convex mirror and a concave mirror and made a toy capable of doing so.

History of physics

1. The invention of the telescope

One day in June 1608, Galileo heard that a Dutchman had put together a convex mirror and a concave mirror and made a toy. That night, Galileo sat down at the table and lit candles one after another. He thought again and again and wondered why two of these lenses together could have a magnifying effect. At dawn, Galileo decides to make one himself.

He found an empty tube, embedded a convex mirror on one end and a concave mirror on the other end, and made a small telescope. When you pick it up and look at it, you can enlarge the original object three times. Galileo wasn't satisfied, so he improved again and made another one.

He took the telescope and ran to the beach, only to see the vast sea with rolling waves and not a single boat. When he took the telescope and looked again, a ship was approaching the shorefrom afar. Practice has proven that it can amplify eight times.

Galileo continued to improve and create, and eventually his telescope was able to magnify the original object thirty-two times.

One night, moonlight filled the earth and Galileo took his telescope and pointed it at the moon. Hey, the moon isn't as smooth and flawless as people have said for thousands of years. It is like the earth, with mountains, deep valleys and volcanic fissures!

2. Free Fall Movement

People noticed the problem of falling bodies early on. Before Galileo, Aristotle's theory in ancient Greece believed that objects fell at different speeds. Its falling speed is proportional to its weight. The heavier the object, the faster it falls. For example, an object weighing ten kilograms falls ten times faster than an object weighing one kilogram.

For more than 1,700 years, in books and on school podiums,this doctrine which violates the laws of nature is taught like the Bible, and no one dares to doubt it. Indeed, Aristotle proposed the “Earth-Centered Theory,” which was consistent with the interests of the slave-owning class and the feudal ruling class. Therefore, Aristotle's other theories were also protected.

Galileo chose the Leaning Tower of Pisa as its test site. One day, he took two solid iron balls of the same size but different weights, a solid iron ball weighing one hundred pounds and a hollow iron ball weighing one pound, and climbed the leaning tower more than fifty meters high. Under the tower, there were many people coming to watch. Everyone talked a lot and some made fun of him: "This young man must be crazy, let him go wild! Can Aristotle's theory still be wrong?"

I saw Galileo appears at the top of the tower, Holding an iron ball in each hand, heshouted: "The people below can see clearly, the iron ball has fallen." He opened both hands at the same time. People saw that the two iron balls fell in parallel and landed on the ground almost at the same time. Those who made fun of him were stunned.

3. The Law of Universal Gravitation

Newton was alone in the orchard at home, while he was walking and thinking about a problem, he accidentally came across an apple tree in the orchard. . At that moment, an apple fell on his head. Newton suddenly woke up from the problem and picked up the apple. At that moment, he asked himself another question: why did the apple fall to the ground instead of floating in the sky? Ultimately, Newton proposed a universal law that produces the simplest phenomenon: universal gravitation.

One day, the nanny was going out. Before leaving, she told Newton: "I have something to do. I'm going out infirst. If I'm hungry, go boil some eggs. I've boiled some water." The nanny came back and found Newton taking a pocket watch. She went to cook. But Newton was working on inventions. This story tells us not to get too involved in one thing and to stop when it is time to stop

4 Watt's story

In the middle of the 18th century, there was a professor named Ridder at l. 'Glasgow University in England one night he invited Watt into his office and said to Watt: "I know you are a very clever machine repairman, and I want to ask you to do me a favor." /p>

Watt said: "How can I help you?"

Professor Reid said: "My set of machine plans has been stolen. But it is very difficult to build this machine according to the plans. The person who stole the plans will definitely come to you to help you with the treatment. If this person is coming for yous see, please tell me."

At this moment, a young assistant of the professor came in with a kettle and prepared a cup of coffee for each of them. . The Assistant put the kettle on the stove, closed the door and walked out. The teacher got up, walked to the door and locked it.

The teacher and Watt were drinking coffee and talking about the drawings. teacher. Gradually, Watt felt dizzy. He guessed that there was something wrong with the coffee. He only felt weak and fell asleep after a while. p>When Watt woke up, it was already the next day. When he opened his eyes, he saw that Professor Risted was dead. There was a five-centimeter-long needle with a cap on the professor's neck. Watt climbed up with support and went to open the door, only to find that the door was locked and the key was on the professor's body. Watt remembers what happened last night.denies it and suspects it was the assistant who did it.

But the assistant went out and never came back. Who put the needle in the professor's neck? He looked at the poisoned needle and the cap on the professor's neck for a long time, and finally understood: when water vapor expands, its pressure is nearly a thousand times that of water.

When the assistant put the kettle on the stove, he put a cork with a poisoned needle in the spout and pointed the spout at the teacher's neck. When the water was boiling, because the spout was blocked by the cork, the steam pressure continued to increase. Eventually, the steam pressure reached a certain level and the cork shot out with a poisoned needle, hitting the professor.

After police arrived, Watt shared his thoughts. After police investigation, it was discovered that the murderer was the professor's assistant. Later, Watt movedsteamed water and invented the steam engine.

5. Faraday's Story

Faraday was born on September 22, 1791 into a family of blacksmiths in Newington, Surrey. At the age of 13, he worked as an apprentice newspaper delivery boy and book binder in a bookstore. He has a strong thirst for knowledge and takes all his time off. He eagerly tried to read all the books and documents he had bound from the beginning.

After reading, I also copied the illustrations and took careful reading notes. I used a few simple utensils to conduct experiments according to the book, carefully observed and analyzed the experimental results, and transformed my attic into a small laboratory. . After staying in that bookstore for eight years, he forgot about food and sleep and studied voraciously. When he later recalled this period of his life, he said: "It was in my free time that II began to find my philosophy in these books.

Two of these books were useful to my personality. One is “Britain”, “Encyclopedia”, from which I learned about the concept of electricity; the other was Madame Massey's "Chemical Dialogues", which gave me the scientific basis for this course."

Faraday was mainly engaged in research on electricity, magnetism, magneto -optics and electrochemistry, and made a series of major discoveries in these fields After Oersted discovered the magnetic effect of electric current in 1820, Faraday proposed the bold idea of ​​"generating electricity by. from magnetism" in 1821 and began arduous exploration

In September 1821, he discovered that a live wire could rotate around a magnet and that the magnet could rotate around a. current-carrying conductor For the first time, he achieved the conversion of an electromagnetic field into.an electromagnetic field. mechanical field, thus establishing a laboratory model of an electric motor.

After numerous experimental failures, the law of electromagnetic induction was finally discovered in 1831. This great historical discovery allowed humanity to master the methods of mutual conversion of electromagnetic energy, mechanical energy and electrical energy, and became the basis of modern technology of generators, motors and transformers.

What to do if there is not enough power in the radiation shelter

Since you don't want a link, then you don't want not write a guide, right?

Okay, back to the topic. Personally, I do not appreciate the development of agriculture. After all, profits are low, water pollution is serious, and it has a negative impact on the environment of high-level enterprises and services. Let me tell you sinceis the beginning.

First of all, developing a good city requires at least one Lincheng (the demand for RCI will increase and you can transport garbage and buy water and electricity). Initially, medium-density residential, commercial and high-density industries should be arranged at a distance from each other, and trees should be planted around the predetermined industrial area. Several thousand trees are not too few, and some places must be reserved. to plant trees in the industrial area, you will learn about their functions later. Education must have a long-term vision. We should not first build municipal museums and universities, but we must ensure comprehensive coverage of primary schools, colleges and libraries. The future of the city depends on it.

Generally speaking, when the population reaches 20,000, the monthly profit should beof about 500 (if that's not enough, don't build a fire station. If there's no fire, they'll just be decorations. As long as the education and medical budgets can just meet the actual needs (the number of patients and the actual number of students are sufficient At present, pay attention to the traffic problem. If a city does not have a highway and several avenues, the. traffic in the later period will definitely be overwhelming. Therefore, some space can be left first for the later highways and major roads. The simultaneous development of buses and railways, especially buses, can greatly alleviate the problem. heavy traffic.Question, a block (8*8) must ensure at least two stations (diagonal or slightly offset)

Halfway, the education reaches 100 and remains at 120. high-tech industries are beginning to appear but will be abandoned indue to environmental problems. Now is not the time to consider high technology. First, paving avenues in high-traffic locations or turning bus stops into subway stations (if there are spaces next to them, build them next to them), and planning some subways can also be effective . alleviate traffic problems. It must be built immediately after the university is unlocked and the museum must be built at the same time. The budget may be lower. If you have enough money, you can redesign medium-density residential and commercial buildings into high-density buildings (note that if you plan high-density residential buildings over the original medium-density residential buildings, you will not demolish not the buildings At that time, if you projected commercial buildings on top of residential buildings, you would demolish the buildings, so try not to modify the buildings.'land use), and at the same time build beautification facilities such as gardens and fountains (it should be noted). here, lawns and fountains have a greater impact on business, while gardens and pavilions have a greater impact on residential buildings. Basketball courts are suitable for low-income people, and tennis courts are suitable for low-income people. -income earners, this basic knowledge can be read on the Chinese site SimCity), which can slightly improve the environmental index.

When the education index of the entire city exceeds 160 and the middle-income population exceeds 50%, your city will usher in a true golden age. At present, heavy-traffic railways can be replaced by monorails or high-speed railways, more subways can be planned, landmarks cannt be built in areas with high commercial density and the airport can be expanded according to the advice of the consultant. Adjust the tax rate for manufacturing and high-polluting industries to 20% and dismantle them manually, and adjust the tax rate for high-tech industries to 5% or less. If you carefully plant trees in front of you, serious air pollution will occur. in some months. Then high-tech industries mushroomed after the rain, and high-end companies employing more than a thousand people appeared in places with a high flow of people. What we need to do now is to adjust traffic, exercise wisdom, rationally plan one-way lines, and make urban traffic flow more smoothly while bringing customers to businesses. At present, the monthly profit is expected to be 5,000-10,000 and the money is not duequite a problem. So we started selling the waste that could not be recycled, purchasing electricity appropriately, continuing to improve the medical and educational systems, and beautifying the city. Enjoy the feeling of accomplishment that comes from planning your own city!

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< p>What should I do if the radiation shelter does not have enough power? In the Fallout Shelter game, as the number of players increases, energy consumption will naturally increase. And if not managed properly, it will increase unnecessary extra energy consumption and lead to energy depletion. Next, the author will offer you solutions to electricity shortages in radiation shelters.

Proposal for rational use of electricity:

A 3-in-1 restaurant on level 2, with 6 people working, and lThe attributes are 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 5

< p>Level 2 3-in-1 water station, 4 people working, the attributes are 4, 4, 5, 3 respectively< /p>

Level 2 3-in-1 power station, 1 person working, attributes 8

< p>lv1 3-in-1 power station, 2 people working, attributes 3 and 5

Medical station lv1, 1 person, attribute 3

Laboratory lv1, 1 person, attribute 3

2-in-1 radio station level 1, 3 people, attributes 3 , 3, 4

3-in-1 living space level 1, dedicated to the creation of humans, generally inactive

The 2-in-1 living space of level 1 , dedicated to creating humans, generally inactive

Level 2 shelter door, only sends people to fight if there are bandits

Things to note when electricity is insufficient:

1. Don't expand blindly - try to keep the building size similar to the number of refugees to get the best balance of resources.

2. As there are more and more people, the editor does not recommend building more power plants/water stations/restaurants, because no matter what, you cannot meet everyone's needs and in blindly build new ones. the shelter will consume more electricity.

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