Battery: There is a Voda battery principle in middle school physics.
In today's chemical batteries, the direct conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy is the result of spontaneous chemical reactions such as oxidation and reduction within the battery . This reaction takes place on two electrodes.
The negative active material consists of a reducing agent with a relatively negative and stable potential in the electrolyte, such as active metals such as zinc, cadmium, lead and hydrogen or hydrocarbons.
The positive active material is composed of positive potential and stable oxidants in the electrolyte, such as manganese dioxide, lead dioxide, nickel oxide and other metal oxides, oxygen or air, halogens and their salts, including oxyacids. and their salts, etc.
Electrolytes are materials with good ionic conductivity, such as sodiumaqueous lutions of acids, alkalis and salts, non-aqueous organic or inorganic solutions, molten salts or solid electrolytes. When the external circuit is disconnected, although there is a potential difference (open circuit voltage) between the two poles, there is no current and the chemical energy stored in the battery is not converted into electric energy. When the external circuit is closed, current flows in the external circuit due to the potential difference between the two electrodes. At the same time, inside the battery, since there are no free electrons in the electrolyte, the charge transfer must be accompanied by oxidation or reduction reactions at the interface between materials active bipolar and electrolyte, as well as material migration of reactants and reaction products. The transfer of charge in the electrolyte is also carried out by the migration of ions. Therefore, the processesrms of charge transfer and material transfer inside the battery are necessary conditions to ensure normal production of electrical energy.
The principle of the generator: electromagnetic induction. A rotating coil produces directional movement of charges in a magnetic field. If the circuit is not closed, then the charge tends to move, which corresponds to the voltage.