The solar panel production process includes 10 steps, including slicing, cleaning, textured surface preparation, peripheral etching, back PN+ junction removal, electrode manufacturing upper and lower, anti-reflective film manufacturing, sintering and bundling testing. .
The glass is previously coated with a layer of primer to increase the bonding strength between the glass and the EVA. When laying, ensure the relative position of the battery string, glass and other materials, and adjust the distance between batteries to establish a solid foundation for lamination. (Installation level: from bottom to top: tempered glass, EVA, battery cells, EVA, fiberglass, backplane).
User solar power supply:
(1) Small power supply ranging from 10 to 100W, Used for military and civilian life in areasremote areas without electricity, such as plateaus, islands, pastoral areas, border posts, etc., such as lighting, televisions, radio cassette players, etc. ;
(2) 3-5 kW household rooftop grid-connected power generation system;< /p>
(3) Photovoltaic water pump: solves the problem of deep water consumption and irrigation in areas without electricity.
Transportation field: such as navigation beacon lights, road/railroad signal lights, warning/signal lights, Yuxiang street lights, high altitude obstacle lights, highway/railway wireless telephone booths, unattended route changing power supply, etc.
The production process of solar panels
The materials required for solar panels are as follows:
1. Tempered glass: sound. function To protect the main bodyal of power generation (such as battery cells), there are requirements for the selection of light transmission. The light transmittance should be high (generally above 91%) and should be treated with ultra-white quenching. .
2. EVA: Used to bond and fix the tempered glass and the main body of power generation (battery sheet). The quality of the transparent EVA material directly affects the lifespan of the exposed EVA component. the air is prone to aging and yellowing, which affects the light transmission of the module, thereby affecting the power generation quality of the module. In addition to the quality of the EVA itself, the module manufacturer's lamination process also has a big impact. For example, the bonding degree of EVA is not up to standard, and EVA is bonded to tempered glass and backplanes. Insufficient strength will result in premature aging ofe EVA and will affect the life of the components.
3. Cells: The main function is to produce electricity. The main market for power generation is crystalline silicon solar cells and thin-film solar cells, both of which have their own advantages and disadvantages. The equipment cost of crystalline silicon solar cells is relatively low, but the consumption and costs of cells are high. However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is also high, so it is more suitable to generate electricity under outdoor sunlight.
Thin film solar cells have relatively high equipment costs, but the consumption and battery costs are very low, but the photoelectric conversion efficiency is more than half of that of cells made of crystalline silicon, but the low light effect is very good, under bright lightordinary mother. Can also produce electricity, like solar cells in a calculator.
4. Backplate: function, sealing, insulation and waterproofing. Typically, TPT, TPE and other materials are used and must be resistant to aging. Most component manufacturers offer a 25-year warranty. Tempered glass and aluminum alloys are generally no problem. It depends on whether the backplate and silicone can meet the requirements.
5. Aluminum alloy: protects rolled parts and plays a certain sealing and supporting role.
6. Junction Box: Protects the entire power generation system and serves as a power transfer station. If any component is shorted, the junction box will automatically disconnect the shorted battery string to avoid burning. the entire system. The most critical part of the junction box est the diode. Diode selection depends on the cell type of the module.
7. Silica gel: sealing function, used to seal the junction between components and aluminum alloy frames, components and junction boxes. Some companies usually use double-sided tape and foam to replace silica gel. used in China and the process is simple, convenient, easy to use and inexpensive.
The following describes two methods of manufacturing solar panels.
Solar panel manufacturing method (1)
The first step: first put the titanium dioxide powder into a mortar and grind it with the adhesive, then use a glass rod to slowly grind it on the conductive glass. Apply a film on top to make a titanium dioxide film. Put the titanium dioxide film under an alcohol lamp to sinter and solidify for 10-15 minutes, then let it coolidir. Step 2: Use natural dyes to color the titanium dioxide. .As the picture shows, put the fresh or frozen black plums, mountain plums, pomegranate seeds or black tea, use a large spoon to extract the juice, then put the titanium dioxide film to color. 5 minutes until the film layer turns dark purple. Whether both sides of the film layer are colored. If it is uneven, you can put it in and soak it for 5 minutes, then rinse it with ethanol and gently dry it.
Step 3: Make the positive and negative electrodes of the battery. It is composed of a layer of SnO2 conductive film, and a layer of graphite is evenly coated on the conductive surface with a 6B pencil.
Step 4: Add electrolyte and use the solution containing iodide ions as the electrolyte of the solar cell. As the picture shows, just add one to twox drops of electrolyte on the surface of the titanium dioxide film.
Step 5: Assemble the battery. Place the colored titanium dioxide film on the table, drop one or two drops of electrolyte containing iodine and iodide ions on the film, and then place the conductive surface of the negative electrode Press on the titanium dioxide membrane. Offset the two pieces of glass slightly so that the exposed part can be used as the electrode for the test. Use two pliers to tighten the battery and your solar battery is ready.
Step 6: Test the battery Under outdoor sunlight, a solar cell with an open circuit voltage of 0.4V and a short circuit current of 1mA/cm2 can be obtained.
Solar panel production method (2)
1. The first step is to connect the battery sheets in series with copper tape. A battery chip is equivalent to a small power generation unit, which canut generate a current of 0.5V and 5.2A. By connecting a number of battery chips in series with copper strips, more power output can be achieved.
2. Then the battery parts must be sealed and isolated from air, otherwise they will gradually decompose until the generated power reaches zero. Therefore, the second step is to use tempered glass, EVA and backplane. After heating and vacuuming, the battery cells can be sealed on the glass and back panel.
3. However, tempered glass is not durable enough and is easily damaged, especially at the corners. Therefore, the third step is to place aluminum frames around it to protect it. After the above three steps, the solar panel is produced.
Detailed information
Application fields of solar panels
1. Foodn user's solar: (1) Small power supply 10- 100W It is used for military and civilian life in remote areas without electricity, such as plateaus, islands, pastoral areas and border posts, such as lighting, televisions, radios, etc. (2) 3-5 kW connected to the household roof grid; power generation system; (3) Photovoltaic water pump: solves the problem of watering and irrigating deep water wells in areas without electricity.
2. Transportation field: such as navigation beacon lights, road/railroad signal lights, warning/signal lights, Yuxiang street lights, high-altitude obstacle lights, highway wireless telephone booths /railroads, route changes without supervision. food, etc.
3. Communication/Communication Field: Unattended Solar Microwave Relay Station, Statimaintenance of optical cables, broadcasting/communication/messaging power system; rural operator telephone photovoltaic system, small communication machine, soldier GPS power supply, etc. .
4. Oil, marine and meteorological fields: cathodic protection solar energy systems for oil pipelines and reservoir valves, standby and standby power supplies for oil drilling platforms, ocean sensing equipment, observation equipment meteorological/hydrological, etc. .
5. Lighting power supply: such as garden lights, street lights, portable lights, camping lights, mountaineering lights, fishing lights, black light lights, rubber tapping lights, lamps energy saving, etc.
6. Photovoltaic power plants: independent photovoltaic power plants from 10KW to 50MW, power plantscomplementary wind and solar (diesel) batteries, various charging stations for large parking plants, etc.
7. Solar buildings: The combination of solar power generation and building materials will make future large-scale buildings electricity self-sufficient, which is a major development direction for the future.
8. Other fields include: (1) Automotive support: solar cars/electric cars, battery charging equipment, car air conditioners, fans, cold drink boxes, etc. (2) Solar hydrogen regeneration; production and fuel cells Energy production system; (3) Power supply for seawater desalination equipment (4) Satellites, spacecraft, space solar power plants, etc.
References Baidu Encyclopedia - Solar Panels
Slice, clean, prepare texture, gravez the periphery and remove the rear PN+ junction, making the upper and lower electrodes, making the anti-reflective film, sintering, testing and binning, etc. 10 steps.
Specific description of the solar cell manufacturing process
(1) Cutting: Use multi-line cutting to cut the silicon rods into square silicon wafers.
(2) Cleaning: Use conventional silicon wafer cleaning methods, and then use acidic (or alkaline) solution to remove 30-50um of the damaged layer on the surface of the silicon wafer .
(3) Textured surface preparation: Use an alkaline solution to anisotropically etch the silicon wafer to prepare a textured surface on the surface of the silicon wafer.
(4) Phosphorus Diffusion: Use a coating source (or liquid source or solid phosphorus nitride flake source) todiffusion to form a PN+ junction. The junction depth is generally 0.3-0.5um.
(5) Peripheral etching: The diffusion layer formed on the peripheral surface of the silicon wafer during diffusion will short circuit the upper and lower electrodes of the battery. Masked wet etching or dry plasma etching is used for. remove the peripheral diffusion layer.
(6) Remove the PN+ junction at the back. Wet etching or grinding methods are commonly used to remove the PN+ junction on the back.
(7) Fabricate the upper and lower electrodes: use vacuum evaporation, chemical nickel plating, or aluminum paste printing and sintering. Make the bottom electrode first, then the top electrode. Aluminum paste printing is a widely used processing method.
(8) Make an anti-reflective film: in order to reduce the loss of reflectionincident, a layer of anti-reflective film must be covered on the surface of the silicon wafer. The materials used to make anti-reflective coatings include MgF2, SiO2, Al2O3, SiO, Si3N4, TiO2, Ta2O5, etc. The processing method can be vacuum coating method, ion plating method, spraying method, printing method, PECVD method or spraying method, etc.
(9) Sintering: The battery chip is sintered onto a nickel or copper base plate.
(10) Test Classification: Classification of tests according to the specifications of the specified parameters. The cell production process is relatively complex and usually involves major steps such as silicon wafer inspection, surface texturing, diffusion bonding, silica glass dephosphorization, plasma etching, coating anti-reflective, screen printing, sinteringfast, as well as inspection and packaging.