Properties: gray metallic luster. Density 2.32 ~ 2.34. Melting point 1410℃. Boiling point 2355℃. Soluble in mixed acid of hydrofluoric acid and nitric acid, insoluble in water, nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. The hardness is between germanium and quartz. It is fragile at room temperature and breaks easily when cut. It becomes ductile when heated above 800℃, and shows obvious deformation at 1300℃. It is inactive at room temperature and reacts with oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, etc. at high temperature. In the molten state at high temperatures, it has greater chemical activity and can interact with almost any material. It has semiconductor properties and is an extremely important excellent semiconductor material, but traces of impurities can greatly affect its conductivity. In the electronics industry, it is widely used as a base material forthe manufacture of solid-state radios, tape recorders, refrigerators, color televisions, video recorders, electronic computers, etc. It is obtained by chlorinating dry silicon powder and dry hydrochloric gas under certain conditions, then condensing, distilling and reducing it.
Polycrystalline silicon is a form of elemental silicon. When molten elemental silicon solidifies under supercooled conditions, the silicon atoms are arranged in the shape of a diamond lattice to form numerous crystal nuclei. If these crystal nuclei transform into crystal grains with different crystal plane orientations, these crystal grains combine to form polycrystalline silicon. As one of the world's largest production bases, China's solar cells and panels account for more than 30% of the world's total production.
According to statisticss from China's Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, since 2002, the average annual growth rate of China's domestic photovoltaic industry has exceeded 100%. Total generation capacity in 2008 exceeded 2,000 MW.
The development of China's photovoltaic industry has kept pace with the world. Between 1998 and 2008, the compound annual growth rate of the global solar industry was 35%. In 2008, the total solar cell production reached 5,456 MW and the total panel production reached 6,791 MW. Despite the drop in demand, total production capacity was reported to have increased by 56% by the end of 2009.
Although China's solar panel sector is growing, the Chinese market still remains small.
Despite the small size of the Chinese market, companies are trying to expand their operations there, a trend fueled by Chinese government subsidies and the desire to use natural energyturelle. For example, the Golden Sun program promises to subsidize up to 70% of the expenses needed to build solar parks; by 2012, the total capacity of solar parks will reach at least 500 megawatts.
Thin-film or amorphous silicon photovoltaic products account for a small part, and their conversion efficiency is relatively low, only 6-8%. Only around twenty manufacturers, including Suntech Power and Tianwei Baobian, are developing this product. Monocrystalline silicon is the most technologically mature of the three. Its conversion efficiency can reach 25% and 15-18% in laboratory and commercial products, respectively. The laboratory and commercial photovoltaic conversion efficiencies of various polysilicon technologies are 21% and 13-16%, respectively.
Regardless of the type of battery and panel, the goal of research and development is to improve the efefficiency of energy conversion.
Cost of solar grade wafers as a percentage of the production assembly of photovoltaic cells and crystalline silicon panels75 to 85% of the cost.
China has around 60 solar cell manufacturers with a combined annual production capacity of 4 GW and actual output of 2 GW. There are more than 300 panel suppliers in China, with an annual production capacity of more than 5 GW, but the actual output is only 3 GW.
For crystalline silicon solar cells, the production processes involved include: wafer sorting and testing, cleaning, etching, diffusion on PECVD (enhanced chemical vapor deposition equipment plasma), screen printing and sintering. Typical panel production processes include: solar cell sorting, welding, lamination, bonding, molding and individual cell testingand battery packs.
Chinese products generally carry certifications such as CE, IEC, TüV and RoHS. Around twenty companies offer thin-film solar cells.
In particular, Jiangsu province accounts for 70% of China's total photovoltaic product production. Manufacturers in the Pearl River Delta region are more inclined to develop applications such as solar lamps and chargers.
The power of solar panels is not the only factor that affects the amount of electricity produced.
Solar panels use sunlight to convert electricity electricity into electricity, which is environmentally friendly. and renewable energy source. As an essential component of solar power generation, the power of solar panels is widely considered to be the deciding factor affecting electricity production. However, in realityity, the power of a solar panel is not the only factor that affects the amount of electricity produced.
First of all, the orientation and angle of solar panels have a big impact on the amount of energy produced. Generally speaking, the best orientation for solar panels is to face the south side of the sun, because in regions of the northern hemisphere the position of the sun deviates south. At the same time, the tilt angle of the solar panels should also be appropriate, generally equal to the local latitude, so that the maximum amount of sunlight can directly hit the panels.
Second, the cleanliness of the solar panels will also affect the amount of energy produced. Solar panels that are not cleaned for a long time will accumulate a lot of dust and dirt, which will prevent sunlight from penetrating inside the panel, reducing productionof electricity.
Finally, the temperature of the solar panel also affects the amount of electricity it generates. Solar panels are subject to power attenuation at high temperatures because high temperatures increase the degree of freedom of electrons and hinder electron migration, thereby reducing the efficiency of solar panels.
In summary, although the power of solar panels is a factor that affects electricity production, it is not the only one. If you want to generate as much energy as possible, in addition to choosing high-power solar panels, you should also consider factors such as the orientation and angle of the solar panels, cleanliness and operating temperature .