Overview of stacked quantum layers, intermediate bands, impurity bands, up and down converters, hete

Introduction Overview of quantum, battery, mid-band, impurity band, up and down converters, heterojunctions, dipole antennas, hot carriers, and organic and photochemical solar cells. There are too many, I will try to explain them to you.

Overview of stacked quantum layers, intermediate bands, impurity bands, up and down converters, hete

There are too many, let me try to explain them to you

Quantum: If a physical quantity has the smallest unit and cannot be divided continuously, the physical quantity is said to is quantified, and the smallest unit is The unit is called a quantum, for example: people can only do it one by one, not half, this is quantification:

Lamination: Simply put, two or more layers are pressed together; at a time. For example, a laminated battery is a double junction or multi-junction battery;

Intermediate band: To be more direct, it is a mid-level energy band

Up and down converter: From what I understand, could it be that the number of particles in the laser is inverted?

Heterojunction: interface region formed by the contact of two different semiconductors.

Dipole antenna: it is an antenna, and the emission principle is an electric dipole;

Organic and photochemical cells: these must be cells sensitized to fuel over time

p>Nonsense, please refer to

Types of solar cells crystalline silicon

EVA is a hot melt adhesive with a thickness between 0.4mm and 0.6mm and a uniform flat surface. thickness, contains a crosslinking agent. It is non-sticky and non-sticky at room temperature. After some adjustment and hot pressing, fusion bonding and cross-linking will occur and it will become completely transparent.

Solar laminates or solar panels are made of monocrystalline silicon cells or polycrystalline silicon cells, ultra-white tempered glass, TPT and EVA, which are therefore laminated together at high temperature by a solar panel laminator. the name solar laminate.

Detailed information:

1. Production process

The first step is single-piece welding: solder the battery part to the interconnect strip (tin-plated copper strip). to form the drum part. Prepare for serial connection.

The second step is series welding: connecting a certain number of cells in series.

The third step of lamination: continue the circuit connection of battery strings, and at the same time protect the battery sheets with glass, EVA film and TPT back sheet.

The fourth step is lamination: glue and fuse the battery sheet, glass, EVA film and TPT backsheet under certain conditions of temperature, pressure and vacuum.

Step 5: Framing: Use an aluminum frame to protect the glass and make installation easier.

The sixth step of cleaning: ensuring the appearance of the components.

Step 7 Yourt electrical performance: test the insulation performance and power production of components.

Finally packed and stored.

2. Power generation principle

The working principle of n/p-type crystalline silicon solar cells: when p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor are closely combined and connected together. , at the intersection of the two, a p-n junction forms at the interface. When the photovoltaic cell is illuminated by sunlight, on both sides of the p-n junction the accumulation of positive and negative charges creates a photovoltage and a built-in electric field, which is the "photovoltaic effect".

Theoretically, at this point, if the electrodes are removed from both sides of the built-in electric field and connected to a suitable load, a current will be formed and power will be obtained on the load. Solar cell modules are solid devices thatuse the electronic properties of semiconductor materials to achieve photovoltaic conversion.

Baidu Encyclopedia - Solar Panel Components

Baidu Encyclopedia - Solar Laminates

Structure of Flexible Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Solar Technology< /h3>

Among the silicon series solar cells, monocrystalline silicon solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency and the most mature technology. High-performance monocrystalline silicon cells are based on high-quality monocrystalline silicon materials and related heat-generating processing techniques. Monocrystalline silicon battery technology is almost mature. In battery production, surface texturing, emitter zone passivation, zoned doping and other technologies are generally used. The batteries developed mainly includeplanar monocrystalline silicon cells and grooved monocrystalline silicon cells. The improvement of conversion efficiency mainly relies on the treatment of the surface microstructure of single crystal silicon and the zoned doping process. In this regard, the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems in Freiburg, Germany, remains a world leader. The institute uses photolithography technology to texture the surface of the battery into an inverted pyramid structure. And put a 13nm on the surface. A thick layer of oxide passivation combined with two layers of anti-reflective coating. The width-to-height ratio of the door is increased through an improved electroplating process: the battery conversion efficiency obtained above exceeds 23%, with a maximum value of 23.3%. The large area (225 cm2) monocrystalline solar cell prepared by Kyocera has a conversion efficiency of 19.44%. Beijing Solar Energy Research Institute in China is also actively carrying out research and development of high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells. High efficiency monocrystalline silicon cell (2cm) The conversion efficiency of grooved buried gate electrode crystalline silicon cell (5cm

The conversion efficiency of monocrystalline silicon solar cells is undoubtedly the highest and still occupies a dominant position in large-scale applications and industrial production However, due to the price of monocrystalline silicon materials and the corresponding footprint In battery manufacturing processes, the. The cost and price of monocrystalline silicon remains high, and it is very difficult to significantly reduce its cost. In order to save high-quality materials and find alternatives to monocrystalline silicon solar cells.llin, thin-film solar cells have been developed, of which polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells and amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells are typical representatives. Usually, crystalline silicon solar cells are manufactured on high-quality silicon wafers with a thickness of 350-450 μm, sawn from drawn or cast silicon ingots. Therefore, more silicon is actually consumed. In order to save materials, people have been depositing polysilicon films on cheap substrates since the mid-1970s. However, due to the grain size of the grown silicon film, valuable solar cells have not been produced. produced. In order to obtain thin films with large grain sizes, researchers have never stopped researching and have proposed numerous methods. Prepare moreCree silicon thin film batteriestallin mainly use chemical vapor deposition methods, including low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) processes. Additionally, liquid phase epitaxy (LPPE) and sputter deposition methods can also be used to prepare polycrystalline silicon thin film batteries.

Chemical vapor deposition mainly uses SiH2Cl2, SiHCl3, Sicl4 or SiH4 as the reaction gas. It reacts under a certain protective atmosphere to generate silicon atoms and deposits them on a heated substrate. The substrate material is generally Si., SiO2, Si3N4, etc. However, studies have shown that it is difficult to form larger grains on non-silicon substrates and that it is easy to form gaps between grains. The way to solve this problem is to first use the LPCVD for removalr a thin layer of amorphous silicon on the substrate, then annealing this layer of amorphous silicon to obtain larger grains, then depositing the seed crystal on this layer by depositing thick films of polysilicon. therefore, recrystallization technology is undoubtedly a very important link. The main technologies used are the solid phase crystallization method and the midzone melt recrystallization method. In addition to the recrystallization process, polycrystalline silicon thin film cells also adopt almost all monocrystalline silicon solar cell preparation technologies. The conversion efficiency of the solar cells thus produced is significantly improved. Germany's Freiburg Solar Energy Research Institute uses district recrystallization technology to produce polycrystalline silicon cells on F substratesZ Si with a conversion efficiency of 19%. The Japanese company Mitsubishi Corporation uses this method to prepare cells with a yield of 16.42%.

The principle of liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) method is to melt the silicon in the matrix and lower the temperature to precipitate the silicon film. The efficiency of the battery produced by Astropower Company in the United States from LPE reaches 12.2%. Chen Zheliang of China Optoelectronics Development Technology Center used liquid phase epitaxy to grow silicon grains on metallurgical-grade silicon wafers and designed a new type of solar cell similar to crystalline silicon thin-film solar cells , called a “silicon grain” solar energy battery, but there are no performance reports there.

Since thin-film polycrystalline silicon cells use much less energye silicon than monocrystalline silicon, there is no efficiency degradation problem and they can be produced on cheap substrate materials, their cost is much lower than that of monocrystalline silicon cells. The efficiency is higher than that of amorphous silicon thin film cells. Therefore, polycrystalline silicon thin-film cells will soon dominate the solar energy market. The two key issues in the development of solar cells are: improving conversion efficiency and reducing costs. Due to the low cost of amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells and their ease of mass production, they have generally attracted public attention and developed rapidly. In fact, by the early 1970s, Carlson and others had already begun the development of amorphous silicon. cells. In recent years, his research and development workment developed rapidly in 2008, and many companies around the world produce this type of battery products.

Although amorphous silicon is a good battery material as a solar material, its optical band gap is 1.7 eV, which makes the material itself insensitive to the long length region waveform of the solar radiation spectrum. conversion efficiency of solar cells to amorphous silicon. In addition, its photoelectric efficiency will attenuate as the lighting duration extends, that is, the light-induced degradation SW effect makes the battery performance unstable. One way to solve these problems is to prepare tandem solar cells. Tandem solar cells are fabricated by depositing one or more P-i-n sub-cells onto the prepared p,i,n layer single junction solar cells. The key issues for laminated solar cells to improvet conversion efficiency and solve the instability of single junction cells are as follows: ① It combines materials with different bandgap widths to improve the spectrum response range ② The i layer of the upper cell is thin; , and lighting The intensity of the generated electric field does not change much, ensuring that the photogenerated carriers in layer i are extracted ③ The carriers generated by the lower cell are about half of those in a single cell, and l The photodiscoloration effect is; reduced; ④ Each sub-cell of the laminated solar cell is connected in series.

There are many methods to prepare amorphous silicon thin film solar cells, including reactive sputtering, PECVD, LPCVD, etc. The gas of the reaction raw material is SiH4 diluted with H2, and the substrates are mainly glass and stainless steel. leaves, the thin film ofAmorphous silicon produced can be used to produce single junction cells and tandem solar cells through different battery processes. Research on amorphous silicon solar cells has achieved two major progress: First, the conversion efficiency of amorphous silicon solar cells with three-layer structure reached 13%, setting a new record. Second, the annual production capacity of three-layer solar cells has reached; reached 5 MW. The highest conversion efficiency of single-junction solar cells produced by United Solar Energy Corporation (VSSC) is 9.3%, and the highest conversion efficiency of three-layer three-bandgap solar cells is 13 %. >Highest conversion efficiency mentioned above. Efficiency is obtained on a battery with a small surface area (0.25 cm2). It has been reported in the literature that the performance of layion of single junction amorphous silicon solar cells exceeds 12.5%. Japan's Academia Sinica adopted a series of new measures, and the conversion efficiency of the produced amorphous silicon cells was 13.2%. There is not much domestic research on amorphous silicon thin film cells, especially Geng Xinhua laminated solar cells of Nankai University and others used industrial materials and aluminum back electrodes to prepare one - with an area of ​​20X20 cm2 and a conversion efficiency of 8.28. %. Stacked Si/a-Si solar cells.

Amorphous silicon solar cells have great potential due to their high conversion efficiency, low cost and light weight. But at the same time, its low stability directly affects its practical application. If the stability problem and the conversion rate problem can be further solved, then the gAmorphous silicon solar cells will undoubtedly be one of the main products of solar cell development. In order to find alternatives to monocrystalline silicon cells, people have not only developed polycrystalline silicon and amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells, but also continue to develop solar cells made of other materials. These mainly include gallium III-V arsenide compounds, cadmium sulfide, cadmium sulfide and copper indium selenide thin film batteries. Among the batteries mentioned above, although the efficiency of cadmium sulfide and cadmium telluride polycrystalline thin film solar cells is higher than that of amorphous silicon thin film solar cells, the cost is lower than that of monocrystalline silicon cells and they are easy to use. mass produce, but coEven though cadmium is very toxic, it will cause serious environmental pollution, so it is not the most ideal substitute for crystalline silicon solar cells.

Gallium III-V arsenide compounds and copper indium selenide thin-film batteries have received wide attention due to their high conversion efficiency. GaAs is a III-V compound semiconductor material with an energy gap of 1.4eV, which exactly corresponds to the high absorption value of sunlight. So it is an ideal battery material. The preparation of III-V compound thin film batteries such as GaAs mainly uses MOVPE and LPE technologies. The preparation of GaAs thin film batteries by the MOVPE method is affected by many parameters such as substrate dislocation, reaction pressure, III-V ratio and. total flow.

In addition to GaAs, other III-V compounds such as Gasb,GaInP and other battery materials have also been developed. The conversion efficiency of the GaAs solar cell produced by the Freiburg Solar Energy Research Institute in Germany in 1998 was 24.2%, a European record. The conversion efficiency of the GaInP battery prepared for the first time was 14.7%. See Table 2. In addition, the institute also uses a stacked structure to prepare GaAs and Gasb batteries. This battery is a stack of two independent batteries, with GaAs as the upper battery and the lower battery using Gasb. The resulting battery efficiency reaches 31.1%.

Copper indium selenium CuInSe2 is called CIC. The energy of CIS material is reduced to 1.leV, suitable for photoelectric conversion of sunlight. Additionally, CIS thin-film solar cells do not exhibit light-induced degradation problems. Therefore, the CIS also hasattracted people's attention as a material for thin film solar cells with high conversion efficiency.

The preparation of CIS battery thin films mainly includes vacuum evaporation method and selenization method. The vacuum evaporation method uses separate evaporation sources to evaporate copper, indium and selenium. The selenization method uses a stacked H2Se film for selenization. However, this method is difficult to obtain CIS with uniform composition. CIS thin film batteries have grown from an initial conversion efficiency of 8% in the 1980s to around 15%. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the gallium-doped CIS cell developed by Japan's Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. is 15.3% (area 1 cm2). In 1995, the American Renewable Energy Research Laboratory developed a conversion efficiencyof 17. 1% CIS solar cell, which is the highest conversion efficiency of this cell in the world so far. The conversion efficiency of CIS cells is expected to reach 20% by 2000, equivalent to that of polycrystalline silicon solar cells.

As a semiconductor material for solar cells, CIS has the advantages of low price, good performance and simple process, and will become an important direction for the development of cells solar in the future. The only problem lies in the source of the materials. Indium and selenium being relatively rare elements, the development of this type of battery is necessarily limited. Replacing inorganic materials with polymers in solar cells is a research direction in solar cell preparation that has only just begun. The principle is to use the different redox potentials of ddifferent redox polymers to make multilayer composites on the surface of conductive materials (electrodes) in order to create a unidirectional conductive device similar to an inorganic P-N junction. The inner layer of one of the electrodes is modified with a polymer having a lower reduction potential. The outer layer of the polymer has a higher reduction potential, and the direction of electron transfer can only be from the inner layer to the outer layer.Layer transfer; modifying the other electrode is exactly the opposite, and the reduction potential of the two polymers on the first electrode is greater than that of the two polymers on the last electrode. When two modified electrodes are placed in the electrolysis wave containing a photosensitizer. The electrons generated after the photosensitizer absorbs light are transferred to the electrode with a lower reduction potential. The electrons accumulatedThe molecules on the electrode with a lower reduction potential cannot be transferred to the external polymer and can only be returned to electrolysis via an external circuit. an electrode with a higher reduction potential, so the photocurrent is generated in the external circuit.

Due to their advantages such as good flexibility, easy production, wide range of material sources and low cost, organic materials are of great importance for the large-scale use of solar energy and the provision of cheap electricity. However, research into using organic materials to prepare solar cells is only just beginning. Neither the lifespan nor the efficiency of the cells can be compared to that of inorganic materials, especially silicon cells. Whether it can become a product of practical importance remains to be studied and explored in more detail. CellsSilicon-based solar cells are undoubtedly the most mature among solar cells, but due to their high cost, they are far from meeting the requirements for large-scale promotion and application. To this end, people have constantly explored aspects such as technology, new materials and thin-film batteries. Among them, the new nano-TiO2 crystal chemical solar cells have attracted the attention of domestic and foreign scientists.

Since Swiss professor Gratzel successfully developed large nano-TiO2 chemical solar cells, some national units are also carrying out research in this field. Nanocrystalline chemical solar cells (NPC cells for short) are formed by modifying and assembling one narrow bandgap semiconductor material onto another narrow bandgap semiconductor material. The narrow bandgap semiconductor material usesorganic compounds such as the transition metal Ru and Os. The semiconductor materials are nanopolycrystalline TiO2 and made into electrodes. Additionally, NPC batteries also use appropriate redox electrolytes. The working principle of nanocrystalline TiO2: dye molecules absorb solar energy and enter the excited state. The excited state is unstable and electrons are rapidly injected into the adjacent conduction band of TiO2. The electrons lost in the dye are quickly compensated by the electrolyte and. Enter the TiO2 conduction band. The electricity in the film finally enters the conductive film and then generates photocurrent through the outer loop.

The advantages of TiO2 nanocrystalline solar cells are low cost, simple process and stable performance. Its photoelectric efficiency is stable at more than 10% and its production cost is only 1/51/10 of that of silicon solar cells. The lifespan can reach more than 20 years. However, as the research and development of this type of battery has just started, it is expected that it will gradually enter the market in the near future.

Flexible substrate solar cells can adopt single or multi-junction structures. Single junction structures are rarely used due to their low stability and low efficiency. Multi-junction and stacked solar cells with good stability and high efficiency are the development direction of flexible substrate solar cells. Currently, triple junction solar cell structures are mainly used. . In a triple junction solar cell, each cell is made up of three semiconductor junctions stacked on top of each other: the bottom cell absorbs red light; the middle cellabsorbs green light;A broad response across the entire optical spectrum is essential to improve cellular efficiency. The structure of the stainless steel substrate, a triple-junction amorphous silicon-germanium solar cell from Uni-Solar Company in the United States, is shown in Figure 3. Its cell efficiency on a small area currently reaches 14.6 %.

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