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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
01-september-2009
äLYDOVNHLQUDVWOLQVNHPDãþREHLQROMD'RORþHYDQMHSROLFLNOLþQLKDURPDWVNLK
RJOMLNRYRGLNRY]QHSRVUHGQRNRPSOHNVQRGRQRUDNFHSWRUNURPDWRJUDILMRLQ
+3/&VIOXRUHVFHQþQRGHWHNFLMR ,62
Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
by on-line donor acceptor complex chromatography and HPLC with fluorescence
detection (ISO 22959:2009)
Tierische und pflanzliche Fette und Öle - Bestimmung polycyclischer aromatischer
Kohlenwasserstoffe durch direkte Donor-Akzeptor-Komplex-Chromatographie und HPLC
mit Fluoreszenzdetektion (ISO 22959:2009)
Corps gras d'origines animale et végétale - Détermination de la teneur en hydrocarbures
aromatiques polycycliques par chromatographie de complexe donneur -accepteur et
CLHP avec détection par fluorescence (ISO 22959:2009)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22959:2009
ICS:
67.200.10 5DVWOLQVNHLQåLYDOVNH Animal and vegetable fats
PDãþREHLQROMD and oils
SIST EN ISO 22959:2009 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 22959
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2009
ICS 67.200.10
English Version
Animal and vegetable fats and oils - Determination of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons by on-line donor-acceptor complex
chromatography and HPLC with fluorescence detection (ISO
22959:2009)
Corps gras d'origines animale et végétale - Détermination Tierische und pflanzliche Fette und Öle - Bestimmung
de la teneur en hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques polycyclischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe durch
par chromatographie de complexe donneur-accepteur et gekoppelte Donor-Akzeptor-Komplex-Chromatographie und
CLHP avec détection par fluorescence (ISO 22959:2009) HPLC mit Fluoreszenzdetektion (ISO 22959:2009)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 May 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22959:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
EN ISO 22959:2009 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
EN ISO 22959:2009 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 22959:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34 "Agricultural
food products" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 307 “Oilseeds, vegetable and animal fats
and oils and their by-products - Methods of sampling and analysis” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 22959:2009 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 22959:2009 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22959
First edition
2009-05-15
Animal and vegetable fats and oils —
Determination of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons by on-line donor-acceptor
complex chromatography and HPLC with
fluorescence detection
Corps gras d'origines animale et végétale — Détermination de la teneur
en hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques par chromatographie de
complexe donneur-accepteur et CLHP avec détection par fluorescence
Reference number
ISO 22959:2009(E)
©
ISO 2009
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
ISO 22959:2009(E)
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© ISO 2009
or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
ISO 22959:2009(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Principle. 2
5 Reagents, materials and standards . 3
6 Apparatus . 5
7 Sampling and preparation of the test sample. 5
8 Sample preparation . 6
9 Procedure . 7
9.1 HPLC analysis . 7
9.2 Identification of PAHs. 7
10 Calculation of individual PAHs. 7
11 Method validation data. 8
11.1 Accuracy. 8
11.2 Within-laboratory precision . 8
11.3 Recovery. 8
11.4 Dynamic range . 8
11.5 Limit of quantification . 8
12 Precision. 9
12.1 International collaborative trial . 9
12.2 Repeatability. 9
12.3 Reproducibility. 9
13 Test report . 9
Annex A (informative) Example of the individual parts of an HPLC system. 10
Annex B (informative) Example of the operating conditions of the pumps of the HPLC system. 11
Annex C (informative) Example of the operating conditions of the column thermostat and
the detector of the HPLC system . 12
Annex D (informative) Example of the autosampler programme of the HPLC system. 13
Annex E (informative) Tubing connections of the HPLC system. 14
Annex F (informative) Chromatogram of a standard calibration sample . 15
Annex G (informative) Determination precision for a sunflower oil, range 0,1 µg/kg to 3,5 µg/kg. 16
Annex H (informative) Determination precision for an olive oil, range 0,1 µg/kg to 3,5 µg/kg. 17
Annex I (informative) Determination precision for a soybean oil, range 0,1 µg/kg to 3,5 µg/kg. 18
Annex J (informative) Determination precision for a coconut oil, range 0,1 µg/kg to 3,5 µg/kg. 19
Annex K (informative) Interlaboratory test . 20
Bibliography . 22
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
ISO 22959:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22959 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food products, Subcommittee SC 11, Animal
and vegetable fats and oils.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
ISO 22959:2009(E)
Introduction
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed during pyrolytic processes such as the incomplete
combustion of organic substances or have a petrogenic origin (mineral oils). Edible fats and oils may be
contaminated by environmental pollution and/or processing steps prior to refining. The presence of PAHs in
fats and oils is a health concern due to their carcinogenicity. Different levels of PAHs have been observed in
crude edible oils. Refining of the oils (deodorization, bleaching, charcoal treatment) under the appropriate
conditions reduces the content of the individual PAHs to the microgram per kilogram level. The known
methods of analysis of PAHs in edible fats and oils include complex and laborious extraction and clean-up
procedures to isolate the low levels of PAHs present.
With the donor-acceptor complex-chromatography (DACC) technique, PAHs can be extracted from different
matrices. PAHs are electron donors (π-electrons) and the strong interaction of the PAHs with an electron
acceptor stationary phase results in retention of the PAHs and elution of (the bulk of) the other components of
the oil. This International Standard specifies an automated on-line method for the determination of PAHs in
edible oils and fats, which can easily be applied as a routine analysis. The method consists of an LC-LC
coupling of a clean-up DACC column to an analytical column for the separation. PAHs are quantified by
fluorescence detection.
Compared to older techniques, this automated on-line method significantly reduces the amount of solvent
used and saves considerable time. The DACC column clean-up is fast and is carried out during the HPLC run
of the previous sample. The total analysis time for one sample is approximately 90 min, compared with the
traditional methods which require 8 h to 10 h. Moreover, the system can run 24 h/day. Finally, losses of
volatile PAHs during solvent evaporation, for example, are eliminated. The quantification limits of 0,1 µg/kg of
the individual PAHs have been retained with the DACC method, which automatically corrects for possibly
incomplete recoveries because the calibration samples are subjected to the same treatment as the samples to
be analysed. The system uses conventional HPLC instrumentation.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22959:2009(E)
Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by on-line donor-acceptor
complex chromatography and HPLC with fluorescence
detection
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the
determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in edible fats and oils.
The method has been validated for coconut (CN), olive (OV), sunflower (SF), and soybean (BO) oil, and is
possibly applicable to other oils, dependent on the determination of appropriate parameters.
The lowest level of quantification for the PAHs is 0,1 µg/kg. The lowest possible amount of each PAH which
can be distinguished from the baseline noise has not been determined. The validated concentration range of
the method is 0,1 µg/kg to 3,5 µg/kg for each individual PAH. For samples containing (light) PAH contents
> 3,5 µg/kg, dilution to bring the contents into the validated range is possible. It is also possible to adjust the
range of the calibration curves. However, ranges exceeding 3,5 µg/kg have not been validated.
PAHs which can be determined by this method are: anthracene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene,
chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, perylene, benzo[ghi]perylene, anthanthrene,
dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, coronene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, benzo[a]fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene,
benzo[k]fluoranthene.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 661, Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Preparation of test sample
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
PAH
compound that contains two or more condensed (fused) aromatic hydrocarbon rings and whose content can
be determined according to the method specified in this International Standard
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
ISO 22959:2009(E)
3.2
light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
compound with two to four condensed (fused) aromatic hydrocarbon rings
EXAMPLES
Compound CAS No. Compound CAS No. Compound CAS No.
acenaphthene 83-32-9 benzo[e]pyrene 192-97-2 naphthalene 50-32-8
acenaphthylene 208-96-8 chrysene 218-01-9 phenanthrene 85-01-8
anthracene 120-12-7 fluoranthene 206-44-0 pyrene 129-00-0
benzo[a]anthracene
56-55-3 fluorene 86-73-7
(1,2-benzoanthracene)
3.3
heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
compound with five and more condensed (fused) aromatic hydrocarbon rings
EXAMPLES
Compound CAS No. Compound CAS No. Compound CAS No.
dibenzo[a,h]anthracene
benzo[a]pyrene
50-32-8 benzo[k]fluoranthene 207-08-9 (1,2,5,6- 53-70-3
(1,2-benzopyrene)
dibenzoanthracene)
benzo[ghi]perylene
benzo[a]fluoranthene 203-33-8 191-24-2 indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene 193-39-5
(1,12-benzoperylene)
benzo[b]fluoranthene 205-99-2 coronene 191-07-1 perylene 198-55-0
3.4
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content
mass fraction of a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixture in a matrix
EXAMPLES Individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content; light polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content; heavy
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content.
NOTE The content is expressed as a mass fraction in micrograms per kilogram.
4 Principle
The PAHs in edible oils are determined by on-line coupling of donor-acceptor complex chromatography
(DACC) and HPLC with fluorescence detection. The oil samples are eluted over a column with a modified
stationary phase (DACC column) which will act as an electron acceptor. This column will retain the PAHs
(electron donors) by π-π interactions. After elution of the oil, the PAHs are transferred on-line to the analytical
reversed phase column. The individual PAHs are detected at different wavelengths. The retention times of the
PAHs are used to identify the individual compounds. The levels of the PAHs in the oil samples are calculated
by external calibration.
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
ISO 22959:2009(E)
5 Reagents, materials and standards
WARNING — The method requires harmful reagents. Respect normal laboratory safety regulations. All
PAHs are suspected carcinogenic compounds. Therefore, it is essential that the preparation of the
stock solutions, the standard dilutions and the samples of the calibration curve (5.3) are performed by
preference in a class-2 laboratory. Furthermore, a laboratory coat and safety gloves are essential for
these steps. Contaminated tissues and gloves shall be collected in a plastic bag and removed after
sealing the bag.
5.1 Reagents.
5.1.1 Acetonitrile, HPLC grade, mass fraction w[C H N] > 99,9 %.
2 3
5.1.2 Ethyl acetate, HPLC grade, mass fraction w[C H O ] > 99,8 %.
4 8 2
5.1.3 2-Propanol, HPLC grade, mass fraction w[C H O] > 99,9 %.
3 8
5.1.4 Toluene, HPLC grade, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99,9 %.
7 8
5.1.5 Water, HPLC grade.
1)
5.2 Standards.
5.2.1 Anthracene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
14 10
5.2.2 Phenanthrene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
14 10
5.2.3 Fluoranthene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
16 10
5.2.4 Pyrene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
16 10
5.2.5 Chrysene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
18 12
5.2.6 Benzo[a]anthracene (1,2-Benzoanthracene), mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
18 12
5.2.7 Benzo[e]pyrene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
20 12
5.2.8 Benzo[a]pyrene (1,2-Benzopyrene), mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
20 12
5.2.9 Perylene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
20 12
5.2.10 Benzo[ghi]perylene (1,12-Benzoperylene), mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
22 12
5.2.11 Anthanthrene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
22 12
5.2.12 Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (1,2,5,6-Dibenzoanthracene), mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
22 14
5.2.13 Coronene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
24 12
5.2.14 Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
22 12
5.2.15 Benzo[a]fluoranthene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
20 12
5.2.16 Benzo[b]fluoranthene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
20 12
5.2.17 Benzo[k]fluoranthene, mass fraction w[C H ] > 99 %.
20 12
5.2.18 BCR certified reference material 458, coconut oil with 6 PAHs.
1) IRMM (http://www.irmm.jrc.be) and Sigma-Aldrich (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com) are suitable suppliers. This
information is given for the convenience of users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by
ISO of products so supplied. Products from other sources may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
ISO 22959:2009(E)
5.3 Standard solutions.
5.3.1 PAH standard solutions in toluene, mass concentration approx. 0,2 mg/ml. Weigh, to the nearest
0,01 mg, approx. 10 mg of all PAHs (5.2.1 to 5.2.17) into separate 50 ml one-mark volumetric flasks (6.7) and
make up to the mark with toluene (5.1.4).
5.3.2 PAH standard solution in oil, mass fraction approx. 125 µg/kg. Prepare a PAH standard solution in
oil of the same type of oil (5.3.3) as the samples to be analysed.
Transfer, with a syringe (6.2), 10,0 µl of each standard solution (5.3.1) to one 20 ml vial (6.1) with crimp cap.
Wait until (most of) the toluene is evaporated and weigh 16 g of oil to the nearest 0,1 mg in the vial. Mix
thoroughly.
5.3.3 Preparation of the oils used for standard solutions (blank and dilutions). Weigh approximately
2)
400 g of (preferably) refined oil into a 1 l round-bottomed flask. Add 20 g of activated charcoal . Heat for 2 h
at 90 °C in a rotary evaporator under vacuum, centrifuge the mixture and filter the supernatant over a 0,45 µm
filter (6.3).
Analyse the oil to check whether the background of PAHs is much smaller than 0,1 µg/kg. If necessary, the
level of the light PAHs can be lowered by steaming for approx. 3 h at 240 °C with 3 % volume fraction
steam/hour at a pressure lower than 3 kPa.
5.3.4 Samples for PAH calibration curve. The calibration curve samples are prepared for the same type
of oil as the samples to be analysed. The background of PAHs in the oil used should be much smaller than
0,1 µg/kg.
Prepare six calibration samples by weighing different amounts of the PAH standard solution in oil (5.3.2) to the
nearest 0,1 mg in 20 ml vials with crimp cap (6.1) and adding refined oil (5.3.3) to the nearest 0,1 mg in
accordance with Table 1.
Table 1 — Amounts of PAH standard solutions in oil and refined oil to be used
Calibration Weighed amount of Total mass
curve sample PAH standard solutions in oil after adding refined oil
µg/kg mg g
0,1 10,0 12,500 0
0,8 32,0 5,000 0
1,5 60,0 5,000 0
2,1 84,0 5,000 0
2,8 56,0 2,500 0
3,5 70,0 2,500 0
If it is expected that the level of the (light) PAHs in most of the samples to be analysed is greater than
3,5 µg/kg, adjust the range of the calibration curve. However, ranges exceeding 3,5 µg/kg have not been
validated.
2) Norit SA 4PAH and any other Norit charcoal are examples of suitable products available commercially. This
information is given for the convenience of users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by
ISO of this product. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
ISO 22959:2009(E)
5.4 Eluents for HPLC analysis.
5.4.1 Solvent A: acetonitrile-water (volume fraction acetonitrile 85 %, water 15 %). Mix 663 g of acetonitrile
(5.1.1) and 150 g of water (5.1.5).
5.4.2 Solvent B: acetonitrile (5.1.1).
5.4.3 Solvents C/E: ethyl acetate-acetonitrile (volume fraction ethyl acetate 70 %, acetonitrile 30 %). Mix
630 g of ethyl acetate (5.1.2) and 234 g of acetonitrile (5.1.1).
5.4.4 Solvent D: 2-propanol (5.1.3).
6 Apparatus
Usual laboratory apparatus and, in particular, the following.
6.1 HPLC vials with crimp caps, suitable for an autosampler.
6.2 Syringes, capacities: 10 µl; 250 µl.
3)
6.3 Filters , 0,45 µm.
6.4 Disposable syringes for single use, 5 ml.
6.5 HPLC system, preferably with a heated autosampler.
For the analyses of palm fats, coconut fats or hardened fats, which are prepared in accordance with 8.1.2, a
heated sampler is recommended. If no heated autosampler is available, inject the sample preparation
immediately, as specified in 8.1.2.
NOTE 1 An example of the individual parts of an HPLC system is given in Annex A. The tubing connections of the
4)
HPLC system are given in Annex E .
NOTE 2 An example of the operating conditions of the individual parts of an HPLC system is given in Annexes B to D.
6.6 Chromatography data processing system.
[1]
6.7 One-mark volumetric flask with stopper, capacity 50 ml, ISO 1042 class A.
7 Sampling and preparation of the test sample
A representative sample should have been sent to the laboratory. It should not have been damaged or
changed during transport or storage.
Sampling is not part of the method specified in this International Standard. A recommended sampling method
[2]
is given in ISO 5555 .
Prepare the test sample in accordance with ISO 661.
3) Dynagard DG 4P/110/200 is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.
4) Suitable systems are commercially available from Dionex (http://www.dionex.com), Separations Analytical Instruments
(http://www.separations.nl), Spark (http://www.sparkholland.com) and VWR-Hitachi (http://www.vwr.com). This information
is given for the convenience of users of this International Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of
products so supplied. Products from other sources may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 5
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SIST EN ISO 22959:2009
ISO 22959:2009(E)
8 Sample preparation
8.1 Standard calibration samples.
8.1.1 Liquid oils.
Shake the standard calibration
...