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International
Standard
ISO 18497-4
First edition
Agricultural machinery and
2024-07
tractors — Safety of partially
automated, semi-autonomous and
autonomous machinery —
Part 4:
Verification methods and validation
principles
Tracteurs et matériels agricoles — Sécurité des machines
partiellement automatisées, semi-autonomes et autonomes —
Partie 4: Méthodes de vérification et principes de validation
Reference number
© ISO 2024
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Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definition . 2
4 Verification methods and validation principles. 2
4.1 General .2
4.2 Verification methods .3
4.3 Validation principles.5
Annex A (informative) Information regarding physical properties of objects and humans for
use in development of test and simulation verification methods . 6
Annex B (informative) Information regarding environmental influences for use in development
of test and simulation verification methods . 8
Annex C (informative) Information regarding test objects for use in development of test and
simulation verification methods . 10
Annex D (informative) Information regarding examples of test procedures .12
Bibliography .37
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23, Tractors and machinery for agriculture and
forestry, Subcommittee SC 19, Agricultural electronics, in collaboration with the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 144, Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry,
in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This first edition of ISO 18497-4 together with ISO 18497-1, ISO 18497-2 and ISO 18497-3, cancels and
replaces ISO 18497:2018, which has been technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— verification methods and validation principles were made its own part (i.e. ISO 18497-4) and substantially
revised to account for the wide range of functionality and use cases within agricultural machines and
tractors.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18497 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
This document is a type-B1 standard as stated in ISO 12100:2010.
This document is of relevance, in particular, for the following stakeholder groups representing the market
players with regard to machinery safety:
— machine manufacturers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— health and safety bodies (regulators, accident prevention organisations, market surveillance, etc.).
Others can be affected by the level of machinery safety achieved with the means of the document by the
above-mentioned stakeholder groups:
— machine users/employers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— machine users/employees (e.g. trade unions, organizations for people with special needs);
— service providers, e.g. for maintenance (small, medium and large enterprises);
— consumers (in case of machinery intended for use by consumers).
The above-mentioned stakeholder groups have been given the possibility to participate at the drafting
process of this document.
In addition, this document is intended for standardization bodies elaborating type-C standards.
The requirements of this document can be supplemented or modified by a type-C standard.
For machines which are covered by the scope of a type-C standard and which have been designed and built
according to the requirements of that standard, the requirements of that type-C standard take precedence.
The structure of safety standards in the field of machinery is as follows:
— Type-A standards (basis standards) give basic concepts, principles for design, and general aspects that
can be applied to machinery;
— Type-B standards (generic safety standards) deal with one or more safety aspects or one or more types
of safeguards that can be used across a wide range of machinery:
— Type-B1 standards on particular safety aspects (e.g. safety distances, surface temperature, noise);
— Type-B2 standards on safeguards (e.g. two-hands controls, interlocking devices, pressure sensitive
devices, guards);
— Type-C standards (machinery safety standards) deal with detailed safety requirements for a particular
machine or group of machines.
The purpose of the ISO 18497 series is to establish general design principles for partially automated, semi-
autonomous and autonomous (see ISO 18497-1:2024, Clause 3) functions of agricultural machinery and
tractors.
Manual non-automated functions are addressed in existing agricultural machinery and tractor safety
standards. Due to the potential number of different functions of agricultural machinery and tractors and
the mixed type and mode to which these functions can exist, it is necessary to establish general design
principles. In this way, the combination, operator location, and types of interaction of these functions can
be guided so that further type-C safety standards can be developed consistently and explicitly to address
the mitigation of risk of injury to operators and bystanders. This is the primary focus of safety standards.
Attempting to specify risk mitigation requirements based on combinations of type and mode of functions
alone cannot be accomplished accurately for all agricultural machinery and tractors due to the wide variety
of the machinery and variety of functionality.
v
[1]
Therefore, the familiar representation of SAE J3016 with six levels of automation was deliberately
not chosen as a basis for the ISO 18497 series and it is necessary to develop more specific type-C safety
standards, using the general design principles of this document, to adequately account for the risks of
agricultural machinery and tractors used in a specified way with various types of partially automated,
semi-autonomous and autonomous functions.
When the requirements of the ISO 18497 series for partially automated, semi-autonomous and autonomous
functions of agricultural machinery and tractors are different from those which are stated in a machine-
specific type-C standard dealing with partially automated, semi-autonomous and autonomous functions of
agricultural machinery and tractors, the requirements of the machine-specific standard take precedence
over the requirements of the ISO 18497 series.
vi
International Standard ISO 18497-4:2024(en)
Agricultural machinery and tractors — Safety of partially
automated, semi-autonomous and autonomous machinery —
Part 4:
Verification methods and validation principles
1 Scope
This document specifies principles for verification methods and validation principles of agricultural
machinery and tractors that are used in agricultural applications and that have partially automated, semi-
autonomous and autonomous functions.
The purpose of this document is to assist in the provision of more specific safety requirements, means of
verification and information for use to ensure an appropriate level of safety for agricultural machinery and
tractors with partially automated, semi-autonomous and autonomous functions used in a specified way.
This document deals with the significant hazards relevant to agricultural machinery and tractors with
partially automated, semi-autonomous and autonomous functions when used as intended and under the
conditions of misuse reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer during normal operation and service.
Applicability of the design principles and any additional requirements, for design, verification, validation or
information for use are outside the scope of this document. When risk assessment concludes that hazards
are not significant hazards, the principles of this document do not apply.
NOTE Safety requirements for specific non-automated functions of agricultural machinery and tractors can be
available in machine-specific type-C standards.
This document is not applicable to:
— forestry applications;
— operations on public roads including relevant requirements for braking and steering systems.
This document is not applicable to agricultural machinery and tractors which are manufactured before the
date of its publication, or to systems applied to agricultural machinery and tractors put into use before the
date of its publication.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction
ISO 13849-1:2023, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General principles
for design
ISO 13849-2:2012, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 2: Validation
ISO 18497-1:2024, Agricultural machinery and tractors — Safety of partially aut
...