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International
Standard
ISO 22638
First edition
Rubber — Generation and
2024-07
collection of tyre and road wear
particles (TRWP) — Road simulator
laboratory method
Caoutchouc — Génération et collecte des particules émises par
l'usure des pneumatiques et de la route (TRWP) — Méthode de
simulation routière en laboratoire
Reference number
© ISO 2024
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Apparatus and equipment . 1
4.1 General .1
4.2 Generation system.2
4.2.1 Characteristics .2
4.2.2 Monitoring, during operation .3
4.3 Test pavement.3
4.4 Test tyres .3
4.5 Collection system .3
5 Procedures . 3
5.1 General .3
5.2 Simulated driving parameters .3
5.3 Particle collection .3
6 Test report . 4
Annex A (informative) Case study . 5
Bibliography . 7
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products.
This first edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TS 22638:2018), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— an error in definition 3.3 has been corrected;
— the description in 4.1 has been corrected;
— a reference has been added to 4.2.1;
— a clarification about the collection system has been added to 4.5 and 5.3;
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) are formed from the friction between a tyre and roadway surface.
The particles are subsequently released into nearby soil and sediment ecosystems. As such, there is interest
in studying the composition and effects of TRWP on the environment (see References [6] and [7]). This
document provides guidelines for the generation of TRWP using a road simulator in a laboratory setting.
The guidelines describe the method, apparatus and equipment, TRWP collection procedures, monitoring
measures and test report. An informative case study is also provided.
Generation of TRWP with a road simulator eliminates interferences from other roadway surface
contaminants such as brake dust, oil and grease, soil, and vegetation (see Reference [6]). This method allows
for a more accurate characterization of the physical and chemical properties of TRWP than other generation
methods including on-road collection and cryogenic breaking of rubber tread. In addition, a greater mass of
TRWP can be collected using the road simulator laboratory method. Other laboratory generation methods
(e.g. steel brush and grit paper) are not representative of actual driving conditions and may introduce
additional interferences to the generated TRWP. Furthermore, previous analysis has shown that the particle
morphology and size distribution of TRWP generated using on-road and road simulator methods are similar,
with the on-road TRWP slightly smaller in size (see Reference [6]).
Annex A gives information on a case study of TRWP generation.
v
International Standard ISO 22638:2024(en)
Rubber — Generation and collection of tyre and road wear
particles (TRWP) — Road simulator laboratory method
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for the generation of tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) in a road
simulator laboratory that is representative of actual driving conditions. Guidance is provided for the road
simulator system, test pavement and tyres, vacuum collection system, monitoring and reporting.
This method is applicable for the collection of TRWP from a known pavement and tyre type under realistic
driving conditions without the inference of road surface contaminants (e.g. brake dust, exhaust, grease).
There is a possibility that this method is not relevant for studded tyres.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
monitoring
repeated measurement to follow changes over a period of time
3.2
particle
small discrete mass of solid or liquid matter
3.3
TRWP
tyre and road wear particles
discrete mass of particles (3.2) generated at the frictional interface between the tyre and the pavement
surface during the service life of a tyre
Note 1 to entry: The particles consist of tyre tread enriched with mineral encrustations from the roadway surface.
4 Apparatus and equipment
4.1 General
TRWP are generated from a tyre and pavement of known composition using a road simulator system used
for TRWP generation, with an aspiration collection system. A precision balance is used to weigh the collected
TRWP which shall be stored in amber glass jars.
4.2 Generation system
4.2.1 Characteristics
A testing facility consisting of a road-simulation system fitted with road pavement cassettes is required
for the TRWP generation. The system shall permit housing of at least one tyre in a manner such that the
tyre interfaces the pavement cassettes similar to normal tyre operation. Systems such as the interior drum
testing system (see Figure 1) or rotating tabletop system as described in Reference [5] can be considered for
this application.
The generation system should be electronically programmable to mimic realistic driving parameters
including speed, acceleration, loading, braking and steering. The system shall be capable of a maximum test
speed of at least 150 km/h. The drive capabilities should include adjustable camber angle between −2° and
8°, adjustable slip at the test wheel between 0 % and 100 %, and steering angle adjustable during operation
of −15° to 15°. The radial force should be adjustable between −5 kN and 5 kN, and the normal force should be
adjustable between 0 kN and 10 kN.
Key
1 drum drive engine, 200 kW, 200 r/min 7 free-wheeling hub with disk brake
2 clutch 8 tyre drive engine, 200 kW, 200 r/min
3 brake (for casket mounting only) 9 wheel slide
4 bearing 10 tyre load
5 surface of inner drum (filled cassettes) 11 tyre wheel
6 bearing
Figure 1 — Conceptual schematic of interior drum testing facility
4.2.2 Monitoring, during operation
The system shall allow for monitoring of tyre speed, system temperature, and tyre forces and torques.
Ventilation in the collection system (e.g. in ductwork of a drum rotator or within the enclosure for a tabletop
generator) shall be measured and recorded.
4.3 Test pavement
The test pavement shall be contained in exchangeable cassettes. Test pavement shall be unweathered and
mimic actual road pavement to generate representative TRWP. Pavement type may vary, but one suggestion
is an asphalt-based pavement as specified in ISO 10844. The surface area dimensions of the test pavement
should permit the simulation of actual rolling tyre movements.
4.4 Test tyres
Test tyres shall represent those typically found on the market to generate representative TRWP. Specific
tyres may vary by vehicle type (truck or passenger car), performance (seasonal tyres), composition and age.
Test tyres should be maintained within manufacturer-specific optimal pressure ranges.
4.5 Collection system
The TRWP shall be collected in a hard container through an aspiration system attached to a capture
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