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Ref. No.: IS0 / R 401 - 1964 (E)
IS0
I NT ERN AT I O NA L O R G A N IZAT I O N FO R STA ND AR D I2 AT f O N
TENSILE TESTING OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY TUBES
OF CIRCULAR SECTION
1st EDITION
November 1964
COPYRIGHT RESERVED
The copyright of IS0 Recommendations and IS0 Standards
belongs to IS0 Member Bodies. Reproduction of these
documents, in any country, may be authorized *herefore only
by the national standards organization of that country, being
a member of ISO.
For each individual country the only valid standard is the national standard of that country.
Printed in Switzerland
Also issued in French and Russian. Copies to be obtained through the national standards organizations.
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BRIEF HISTORY
The IS0 Recommendation R 401, Tensile Testing of Copper and Copper AIloy Tubes
of Circular Section, was drawn up by Technical Committee ISO/TC 26, Copper and Copper
Alloys, the Secretariat of which is held by the Deutscher Normenausschuss (DNA).
Work on this question by the Technical Committee began in 1958 and led, in 1961,
to the adoption of a Draft IS0 Recommendation.
In February 1962, this Draft IS0 Recommendation (No. 499) was circulated to all the
IS0 Meinber Bodies for enquiry. It was approved by the following Member Bodies:
Australia India Spain
Bulgaria Italy Sweden
Burma Japan Switzerland
Canada Netherlands Turkey
Poland United Kingdom
Denmark
Finland Portugal U.S.S.R.
Germany Republic of South Yugoslavia
Africa
Three Member Bodies opposed the approval of the Draft:
Be 1 g i u m
France
U.S.A.
The Draft IS0 Recommendation was then submitted by correspondence to the IS0
Council, which decided, in November 1964, to accept it as an IS0 RECOMMENDATION.
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IS0 / R 401 - 1964 (E)
IS0 Recommendation R 401 November 1964
TENSILE TESTINti OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOY TUBES
OF CIRCULAR SECTION
1. SCOPE
. This IS0 Recommendation applies to the tensile testing of copper and copper alloy tubes of
circular section.
2. PRINCIPLE OF TEST
The test consists in subjecting a test piece to increasing tensile stress, generally to fracture, with a
view to determining one or more of the mechanical properties enumerated hereafter. The test is
carried out at ambient temperature, unless otherwise specified.
3. DEFINITIONS
3.1 Gauge length. At any moment during the test, the length of the cylindrical or prismatic por-
tion of the test piece on which an increase in length is measured. In particular, a distinction
should be made between the following:
(a) the original gauge length (Lo). Gauge length before the test piece is strained, and
(b) the gauge length after fracture (Lu). Gauge length after the test piece has been fractured
and the fractured parts have been carefully fitted together so that they lie in a straight
line.
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IS0 / R 401 - 1964 (E)
3.2 Stress (actually “ nominal stress ”). At any moment during the test, load divided by the
original cross-sectional area of the test piece.
3.3 Percentage permanent elongation. Increase in the gauge length of a test piece subjected to a
stress after removal of that stress, expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length.
3.4 Stress at specified permanent set (Rr). Stress at which, after removal of load, the specified
percentage permanent elongation occurs. (See Fig. 4 (a)).
3.4.1 The symbol used for this sizess is supplemented by an index giving the specified per-
centage elongation.
3.5 Proof stress (Rp)*. Stress at which the specified percentage non-proportional elongation
occurs. (See Fig. 4 (6)).
3.5.1 The symbol used for this stress is supplemented by an index giving the specified per-
d
centage elongation.
3.6 Maximum load (Fm). The highest load which the test piece withstands during the test.
3.7 Final load (Fu). Load imposed on the test piece at the moment of fracture.
3.8 Tensile strength (Rm). Maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area of the test
piece, i.e. stress corresponding to the maximum load.
3.9 Percentage elongation after fracture (A). Permanent elongation of the gauge length after
fracture Lu - L,, expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length Lo.
3.10 Percentage reduction of area after fracture (Z). Maximum change in cross-sectional area
after fracture, So - Su, expressed as a percentage of the original cross-sectional area So.
3.11 Percentage elongation factor at point of constriction (Zu). Maximum change in cross-
sectional area after fracture, So - Su, expressed as a percentage of the minimum cross-
sectional area after fracture Su.
* In the United States of America and Canada this stress is called “ yield strength (offset) ” in contrast to the stress called
‘‘ yield strength ” which corresponds to a specified total elongation (usually 0.5 per cent) with the test piece under tension.
I
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IS0 / R 401 - 1964 (E)
4. SYMBOLS AND DESIGNATIONS
Number Symbol Designation
1 External diameter of the tube
Thickness of tube
2
Mean width of longitudinal strip
3
4 Original gauge length
Parallel length
5
Total length
6
Gripped ends
7
8 Original cross-sectional area of the gauge length
9 Gauge length after fracture
Minimum cross-sectional area of the gaugelength after fracture
10
Maximum load
11
12 Tensile strength
13 Final load, i.e. load at moment of fracture
Permanent elongation after fracture
14
Percentage elongation after fracture
15
Percentage reduction of area after fracture
16
so - su
x 100
SO
17 Percentage elongation factor at point of constriction
so - su
x 100
n
AU
Stress at specified permanent set
18
19 Specified permanent set
20 Proof stress
Specified non-proportional elongation
21
In current correspondence and where no misunderstanding is possible, the symbols Lo and Rm may be replaced by L
and R respectively.
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Io
FIG. 1.-Test on full section
O O
see appendix
section at fracture
FIG. 2.-Test on iongitucünai strip
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IS0 / R 401 - 1964 (E)
5. TEST PIECES
5.1 The test piece may consist of a length of the tube tested in full section (see Clause 5.2) or a
(see Clause 5.3). Other forms of test
strip of full thickness cut longitudinally from the tube
pieces may be used by agreement.
5.1.1 Tubes with an external diameter up to approximately 30 mm (1.2 in) should preferably
be tested in full section.
5.2 Test on lengths of tube in fdi section
5.2.1 Tubes to be tested may be plugged at each end. The length of the plug projecting beyond
the grip in the direction of the gauge length should not exceed the external diameter of
the tube, and its shape should be such that it does not interfere with the free elongation
of the gauge length.
5.2.2 The free length between the end of each plug and the nearest gauge mark on a test
D
piece consisting of the full section of the tube should be between - and D, except that,
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provided there is sufficient material, D should always be approached for arbitration
purposes.
5.3 Test on strips cut longitudinally from tubes
5.3.1 The test piece should have a parallel length, and may have enlarged ends, in which
case there should be a transition radius between the gripped ends and the parallel
length. The parallel length should not be flattened, but the gripped ends may be flat-
tened for gripping in the testing machine.
5.3.2 The parallel length L, for test pieces consisting of a strip cut longitudinally from the tube
b
should be between Lc + - and L, +- 2b, except that, provided there is sufficient material,
2
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