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GROUP REPORT
millimetre Wave Transmission (mWT);
Analysis of Spectrum, License Schemes and
Network Scenarios in the D-band
Disclaimer
The present document has been produced and approved by the millimetre Wave Transmission (mWT) ETSI Industry
Specification Group (ISG) and represents the views of those members who participated in this ISG.
It does not necessarily represent the views of the entire ETSI membership.
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Reference
DGR/mWT-0008
Keywords
D-band, license schemes, millimetre wave, mWT,
network scenarios, spectrum
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Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Executive summary . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Abbreviations . 8
4 Introduction to the W-band and the D-band . 9
5 ITU Regulations concerning the W-band and the D-band . 10
5.1 ITU Regulations concerning Frequency Allocation . 10
5.2 ITU-R Regulations concerning Propagation Aspects . 11
5.3 ITU-R Regulations concerning Error Performance and Availability objectives . 11
6 Characteristics of the W-band and the D-band . 11
7 System Behaviour . 12
7.1 D-band system simulation . 12
8 Use cases and possible applications . 16
8.1 From current high capacity systems to future systems . 16
8.2 D-band: Backhaul, fronthaul and fixed wireless access . 16
8.3 5G Mobile Backhaul Tail Link. 17
8.4 Internal Connection of a Data Centre (Inter-Server) . 17
8.5 Requirements for future applications in mm-wave radio . 18
8.6 Applications and Use Cases . 18
9 First Prototypes and Early Deployment . 21
9.0 Introduction . 21
9.1 Huawei . 21
9.1.1 First prototype and field trial in cooperation with Politecnico di Milano . 21
9.1.2 Preliminary evaluation of ITU model . 23
9.1.3 D-band trial with Telecom Italia for highly dense 5G backhaul network scenarios . 24
9.2 Ericsson . 27
9.3 NEC Europe Ltd (United Kingdom) . 29
9.3.1 OAM technology description . 29
9.4 Nokia . 33
9.4.1 The DREAM project . 33
10 State of the Art of Technology . 33
10.1 Overview of Technological Maturity . 33
10.2 Semiconductor technology for D-band: technological maturity and component frequency limitations . 34
10.3 Challenges for volume manufacture of diplexers at D-band frequencies . 36
11 Basic Considerations on Channel Arrangements . 38
12 Summary and Conclusions . 40
Annex A: Further considerations on technology . 41
A.1 SiGe:C BiCMOS . 41
A.2 SiGe:C BiCMOS - Technology Features . 41
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A.3 SiGe HBT performance in the W and D bands . 42
A.4 Low Noise Amplifier design . 42
A.5 D-band Power Amplifier design . 43
A.6 150 GHz VCO and prescaler . 44
Annex B: Authors & contributors . 46
History . 47
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Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Group Report (GR) has been produced by ETSI Industry Specification Group (ISG) millimetre Wave
Transmission (mWT).
All Companies referenced in the present document have given the consensus of all the material provided herewith.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The evolution of Mobile Networks towards LTE-A and 5G in the next few years present significant challenges to the
evolution of microwave technology, especially in terms of transmission capacity and latency.
Interest in millimetre-wave bands has risen significantly in recent years mainly due to new network topologies driving
backhaul to the higher part of the spectrum and the enormous amount of under-utilized bandwidth that lies in this part
of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The development of new technologies and the use of higher frequency bands allow microwave to remain a fundamental
building block of mobile networks even in this framework of ever-increasing demands.
The significant advantages offered by the propagation characteristics in terms of frequency re-usability and large
channel bandwidths make millimetre-wave suitable for transmitting multi-Gbps in dense urban scenarios thanks to a
very compact antenna size and extreme low power.
Bands above 90 GHz are prime candidates for large volume applications in backhaul and fronthaul supporting all
services requiring high speed wireless transmission.
Standardization activities are now under way of the so-called W-band (92 - 114,5 GHz) and D-band (130 - 174,8 GHz).
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The present document provides an overview of the possible applications and use cases for the D-band, state of the art of
the technology at such high frequencies and also possible channel schemes which can be used, including the so called
"duplexer-free" scheme.
Although the present document is focused on the D-band, information and considerations on the W-band are included
where appropriate and beneficial to the readers.
Introduction
Frequency bands above 100 GHz have not been commercially exploited yet and have not been regulated yet by specific
recommendations.
The W-band and D-band are already considered in the table of frequency allocation issued by the ITU-R Radio
Regulation 2016 [i.5].
Figure 1: ITU Table of Frequency Allocation (Radio Regulation 2016) [i.5]
The table indicates fixed service (FS), and that covers all the applications of interest to ISG mWT, and which have a
primary status, when considering the frequency band from 92 up to 200 GHz.
The allocation between 92 and 200 GHz is common for all three ITU regions, which facilitates the scenarios and
spectrum usage solutions covering these bands.
Moreover, new spectrum and innovative ways to use the bands, new concepts related to availability to cope with the
increase of capacity and hop lengths are needed. Efficient aggregation of different bands and carriers should be
exploited, through BCA together with new mm-wave spectrum made available by regulation.
The proper combination of mm-wave spectrum with traditional microwave spectrum should help to incentivize
spectrum efficiency and optimization of spectrum usage, driving regulators to release unused or under-utilized spectrum
portions.
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1 Scope
The present document describes possible scenarios and spectrum usage and proposes, aligned with CEPT ECC SE19
Working Item 37 [i.3], the channelization of the D-band (130 - 174,8 GHz) to facilitate the deployment of high capacity
backhaul systems, able to decongest the network over distances shorter than usual ones for wireless transport.
Considering that the W-band and the D-band are primarily allocated to FS, part of the scope of the present document is
to identify applications for future backhaul networks or similar applications.
Technical propagation characteristics of W-band and D-band are considered to analyze system behaviours and evaluate
reachable distances and possible achievable throughputs.
In the absence of standardized channel plans for both the W-band and D-band, guidelines for efficient deployment in
terms of spectrum, license schemes and other relevant aspects in those bands are being proposed, also considering non-
operator services, in the vision of significant market share.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI White Paper No. 15: "mmWave Semiconductor Industry Technologies: Status and
Evolution".
NOTE: Available at mmWave Semiconductor Industry Technologies: Status and Evolution.
[i.2] Abhiram Chakraborty, Saverio Trotta (Infineon Technologies AG) and Robert Weigel (Lehrstuhl
für Technische Elektronik, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg):"A Low Power Multichannel Receiver for
μm SiGe BiCMOS Technology (*here defined up to
D-Band Sensing Applications in a 0,13
132 GHz)".
[i.3] SE19(17)16A09: "Radio frequency channel/block arrangements for fixed service systems
operating in the bands 92 - 94 GHz, 94,1 - 100 GHz, 102 - 109,5 GHz and 111,8 - 114,25 GHz".
[i.4] SE19(17)16A10: "Radio frequency channel/block arrangements for fixed service systems
operating in the bands 130 - 134 GHz, 141 - 148,5 GHz, 151,5 - 164 GHz and 167 - 174,8 GHz".
[i.5] ITU-R Radio Regulation 2016.
[i.6] Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 (07/2015): "Propagation data and prediction methods required
for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems".
[i.7] Recommendation ITU-R P.1411-1: "Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of
short-range outdoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency
range 300 MHz to 100 GHz".
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8 ETSI GR mWT 008 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
[i.8] Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-7 (02/2012): "Propagation data and prediction methods for the
planning of indoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency
range 900 MHz to 100 GHz".
[i.9] Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3: "Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction
methods".
[i.10] Recommendation ITU-R F.1703: "Availability objectives for real digital fixed wireless linksused
in 27 500 km hypothetical reference paths and connections".
[i.11] Recommendation ITU-R P.676-11: "Attenuation due to atmospheric gases".
[i.12] IEEE 802.15™: "WPAN for 60 GHz".
[i.13] L. Allen, M. W. Beijersbergen, R. J. C. Spreeuw, and J. P. Woerdman: "Orbital angular
momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes", Physical Review
A, vol. 45, no. 11, 1992.
[i.14] N. Bozinovic, et al: "Terabit-scale orbital angular momentum mode division multiplexing in
fibers", Science, vol. 340 no. 6140 pp. 1545-1548, 2013.
[i.15] F. Tamburini, et al.: "Encoding many channels on the same frequency through radio vorticity: first
experimental test", New Journal of Physics 14, 2012.
[i.16] J. Butler and R. Lowe: "Beamforming matrix simplifies design of electronically scanned
antennas", Electronic Design, vol. 9, pp. 170-173, 1961.
[i.17] EIA RS-261-B: "Rectangular Waveguides (WR3 to WR2300)".
[i.18] IEC 60153-2:2016: "Hollow metallic waveguides - Part 2: Relevant specifications for ordinary
rectangular waveguides".
[i.19] Yuan-Hung Hsiao, Zuo-Min Tsai, Hsin-Chiang Liao, Jui-Chih Kao and Huei Wang: "Millimeter-
Wave CMOS Power Amplifiers With High Output Power and Wideband Performances", IEEE
Transactions on microwave theory and techniques, Vol. 61, NO. 12, December 2013.
[i.20] Recommendation ECC REC (18)01: "Radio frequency channel/block arrangements for Fixed
Service systems operating in the bands 130 - 134 GHz, 141-148,5 GHz, 151,5-164 GHz and 167 -
174,8 GHz".
[i.21] Recommendation ITU-R F.1668: "Error performance objectives for real digital fixed wireless links
used in 27 500 km hypothetical reference paths and connections".
3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
5G Fifth Generation of Mobile Networks
BCA Band and Carrier Aggregation
BER Bit Error Rate
BH BackHaul
BW BandWidth
CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
DHBT Double Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
DS Duplex Spacing
EM ElectroMagnetic
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FS Fixed Service
FWA Fixed Wireless Access
Gbaud Giga baud
HBT Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor
HEMT High Electron Mobility Transistor
LOS Line Of Sight
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LTE Long Term Evolution
LTE-A LTE-Advanced
MAG Maximum Available Gain
MMIC Microwave Monolithic Integrated Circuit
MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
MW MicroWave
OAM Orbital Angular Momentum
PA Power Amplifier
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RF Radio Frequency
RFIC Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit
RX Receiver
SOI Silicon On Insulator
TCE Thermal Coefficient of Expansion
TDD Time Division Duplex
TX Transmitter
VBE Base-Emitter Voltage
VCB Collector-Base Voltage
VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator
XHAUL generic (X) split within LTE/5G protocol stack between fronthaul and backhaul
4 Introduction to the W-band and the D-band
In the search for more spectrum all wireless applications are already using and will use higher frequencies than the
traditional microwave bands. The frequency bands above 90 GHz are prime candidates for large volume applications
supporting all services that require high speed and very large bandwidths.
Figure 2: W and D bands spectrum
Ten different portions of spectrum are available (when some contiguous portions are considered), from 92 - 200 GHz,
allocated primarily to Fixed Service, covering almost 54 % of the whole band under consideration (92 - 200 GHz).
These portions have the following bandwidth (size in GHz), ranging from 1 GHz - 12,5 GHz.
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Bands vs. Bandwidth
Bands [GHz]
19 1.8- 200
16 7-1 74.8
15 1.5- 164
14 1-1 48.5
13 0-1 34
12 2.25- 123
11 1.8- 114.2 5
10 2-1 09.5
94 .1-1 00
92 -94
0246 8 10 12 14
Bandwidth [GHz]
Figure 3: Portions of available spectrum in the range 92 - 200 GHz (Source: Nokia)
In principle, nothing prevents from considering more than one portion of spectrum as a single band, in line with the
approach already adopted for the E-band, where 71 - 76 GHz and 81 - 86 GHz were considered together.
Since the portions of the spectrum and bandwidth have not yet been defined, the present document will identify the best
way to consider such portions of the spectrum and how to arrange it into new bands and how to consider each band into
channels, if any.
The existing standard of waveguides [i.17], [i.18] allows the following use:
Table 1: Designation of waveguides
Designation US commercial designation & fmin
Cut-off Frequencies [GHz] Band
EIA/IEC - f [GHz]
max
WR8/R1200 RG138 (silver) 90,00 - 140,0 73,8 W-band
WR7/R1400 RG136 (silver) 110,0 - 170,0 90,8 D-band
Regarding the activities related to the W-band and the D-band, including possible frequency arrangements, two Work
Items have been opened in CEPT ECC SE19, the Work Item on W-band (SE19 37) [i.3] and the Work Item on D-band
(SE19_38) [i.4], with the scope to facilitate the deployment of fixed services in the frequency blocks already allocated
to fixed services in the bands 92 - 94 GHz, 94,1 - 95 GHz, 95 - 100 GHz, 102 - 109,5 GHz and 111,8 - 114,5 GHz for
the W-band and in the bands 130 - 134 GHz, 141 - 148,5 GHz, 151,5 - 164 GHz and 167 - 174,8 GHz for the D-band.
These work items aim to provide ECC Recommendation(s) guidelines on the deployment of fixed services operating in
the mentioned bands.
The outcome of this analysis has been liaised to CEPT WG SE19, and may be liaised to other relevant groups for
discussion.
5 ITU Regulations concerning the W-band and the D-
band
5.1 ITU Regulations concerning Frequency Allocation
• Recommendation ITU-R Radio Regulation 2016 [i.5].
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5.2 ITU-R Regulations concerning Propagation Aspects
• Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 (07/2015) [i.6]: Propagation data and prediction methods required for the
design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems.
• Recommendation ITU-R P.1411-1 [i.7]: Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of
short-range outdoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency range
300 MHz to 100 GHz.
• Recommendation ITU-R P.1238-7 (02/2012) [i.8]: Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning
of indoor radiocommunication systems and radio local area networks in the frequency range 900 MHz to
100 GHz.
• Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 [i.9]: Specific attenuation model for rain for use in prediction methods.
Apart from Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 [i.9], which is valid up to 1 000 GHz, the range of validity is up to
100 GHz.
5.3 ITU-R Regulations concerning Error Performance and
Availability objectives
• Recommendation ITU-R F.1668 [i.21].
• Recommendation ITU-R F.1703 [i.10].
Formulas are provided in Recommendation ITU-R F.1703 [i.10] to establish availability objectives for real links.
6 Characteristics of the W-band and the D-band
The rain attenuation in the W-band and in the D-band can be derived from figure 4. It should be noted that the rain
attenuation in the D-band is around 2 dB larger than in the E-band. In addition it should be noted that the rain
attenuation in the D-band is almost flat.
Figure 4: Specific rain attenuation up to 300 GHz (Source: Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 [i.9])
Regarding gas attenuation, it is 1 - 2 dB/km in the D-band. This is not a dominant factor for the link distance limitation.
The gas attenuation in the D-band is almost flat. In the W-band it is lower than 1 dB/km.
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100
Dry Air
Water vapour
10
Total
]
m
k
/ 1
B
d
[
n
o
i
0.1
t
a
u
n
e
t
t
0.01
A
0.001
60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Frequency [GHz]
Figure 5: Specific gas attenuation up to 180 GHz (Source: Recommendation ITU-R P.676-11 [i.11])
Compared to the V-band, both the W-band and the D-band, similarly to the E-band, are in the part of spectrum which is
not affected by the Oxygen absorption peaks.
7 System Behaviour
7.1 D-band system simulation
In order to evaluate covered distances and available throughputs, extensive system simulations have been carried out.
As a result, estimation is given of the maximum hop length that can be reached, in the W-band and in the D-band, for
different 1 Gbps solutions in different conditions and frequency bands. Moreover the estimation of the maximum hop
length that can be reached for a 10 Gbps solution is provided, derived with the same approach used for the 1 Gbps
cases.
The model is for pure Line of Sight (LoS) applications. The urban environmental impact has not been taken into
account.
Estimation of a reasonable level of system gain to reach 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps throughputs is provided, scaling the
solution that is today in place.
The maximum antenna gain considered is up to 40 dBi.
The related standards under which the calculations have been carried out are:
• Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 [i.6].
• Recommendation ITU-R P.838-3 [i.9].
• Recommendation ITU-R P.676-11 [i.11]: specific attenuation due to atmospheric gases (dB/km) is derived
from figure 5 in Annex 2 (Pressure = 1 013,25 hPa; Temperature = 15 °C; Water Vapor Density = 7,5 g/m3).
It should be mentioned that Recommendation ITU-R P.530-16 [i.6] provides models up to 100 GHz, namely "The
prediction procedure is considered to be valid in all parts of the world at least for frequencies up to 100 GHz". This
means that trials with real equipment at these extremely high frequency bands aim also to validate the ITU models for
frequencies above 100 GHz.
The following conditions apply:
• Gross system gain accounts for system gain and antenna gain (estimation of gross system gain range gSyGain
to reach 1 Gbps solution).
• Rain rate of 30, 60 and 90 mm/h are taken into account.
• Three cases are considered: 250 MHz, 500 MHz and 1 000 MHz channels.
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• Antenna gain is from 30 - 40 dBi.
• No substantial difference between H and V.
• Less than 1 dB (110 GHz) and less than 0,5 dB (150 GHz) of gSYGain for cases 20 - 2 000 meter/rain rate
10 - 120 mm/h.
The results obtained can be easily scaled for different cases and
...