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TECHNICAL REPORT
Fixed Radio Systems;
Evaluation of the ElectroMagnetic Field (EMF) radiated
by Line-of-Sight (LoS) fixed radio stations using
parabolic dish directional antennas
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2 ETSI TR 102 457 V2.1.0 (2018-09)
Reference
RTR/ATTM-0444
Keywords
antenna, DFRS, DRRS, EMF, FWS, radio
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3 ETSI TR 102 457 V2.1.0 (2018-09)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 Some properties of fixed radio systems. 12
4.1 General . 12
4.1.1 Frequency bands . 12
4.1.2 Transmit power levels . 12
4.1.3 Antennas . 12
4.1.3.1 Directive antennas . 12
4.1.3.2 Sectorial and omni-directional antennas . 12
4.2 Point-to-point fixed radio stations . 12
4.3 Multipoint fixed radio stations . 13
5 Antenna properties . 13
5.1 Near-field and Far-field concept . 13
5.2 Emission parameters. 14
5.3 Parameter description . 14
5.4 Relationship between parameters (localised SAR, S, E) . 14
5.5 Variation with distance and power . 15
6 EMF exposure limits . 15
6.1 Introduction . 15
6.1.1 Applicability of limits . 15
6.1.2 Applicable frequency bands . 15
6.2 General public exposure . 16
6.3 Occupational exposure . 16
7 Calculations and measurements of power density . 16
7.1 General . 16
7.2 Far-field power density . 17
7.3 Near-field power density . 17
7.4 Power density/electric field upper bound . 18
8 Assessment of compliance to limits . 19
8.1 General . 19
8.2 Compliance boundaries evaluation . 19
8.3 Tabulated values . 22
8.4 Examples for equipment with different antenna size. 23
Annex A: Power density calculations . 27
A.1 Near-field calculations using the Fresnel transform . 27
A.1.0 Introduction . 27
A.1.1 Region of validity . 27
A.1.2 Scaling factors . 27
A.1.3 Electric field calculation . 28
A.1.4 Results . 28
ETSI
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4 ETSI TR 102 457 V2.1.0 (2018-09)
A.1.4.0 General trend . 28
A.1.4.1 High frequency approximation . 29
A.1.4.2 Results using realistic tapers . 29
Annex B: Simulations and measurements . 32
B.1 Simulations and measurements of a 0,24 m 38 GHz antenna . 32
B.1.1 FEKO™ simulations of a 0,24 m 38 GHz antenna . 32
B.1.1.1 Physical layout of the antenna . 32
B.1.1.2 On-axis results . 33
B.1.1.3 Off-axis results . 33
B.1.2 Measurements . 34
B.1.2.1 Test setup . 34
B.1.2.2 On-axis results . 35
B.1.2.3 Off-axis results . 35
B.1.3 Conclusions . 36
B.2 Simulations and measurements of a 0,6 m 8,1 GHz antenna . 36
B.2.1 Simulation model and test device . 36
B.2.2 Measurement setup . 36
B.2.3 Measurement results . 38
B.2.3.1 Measurement result with absorber . 38
B.2.3.2 Measurement result without absorber . 38
B.2.4 Comparison of measurement and simulation . 39
B.2.5 Conclusions . 40
B.3 Investigation on antennas from 5 to 38 GHz . 40
B.3.1 Detailed analysis of a 7 GHz antenna (2 feet) and a 19 GHz antenna (1 foot) . 40
B.3.1.1 Description of test cases . 40
B.3.1.2 Simulations . 41
B.3.1.3 Simulation results . 42
B.3.1.4 Measurement setup . 43
B.3.1.5 Measurement results . 44
B.3.1.6 Evaluation of the factor F . 45
B.3.1.7 Conclusions. 45
B.3.2 Power density measurement on the axis . 45
B.3.2.0 Introduction. 45
B.3.2.1 Description test cases . 46
B.3.2.2 Description of the envelope template. 46
B.3.2.3 Measurement and calculation results on the axis using inner diameter . 47
B.3.2.4 Proposal of envelope template using outer diameter . 47
B.3.3 Conclusions . 48
B.4 Simulations using SRSR tool on 8 GHz and 13 GHz antennas. 48
B.4.1 SRSR . 48
B.4.2 Factor F, peak to average ratio . 48
B.4.3 Antenna data . 49
B.4.4 Simulation results 8 GHz . 50
B.4.5 Simulation results 13 GHz . 53
B.4.6 Modified FCC model. 55
B.4.7 SRSR results versus the new envelope template . 55
B.4.7.1 8 GHz and 13 GHz antennas . 55
B.4.7.2 New 8 GHz 1,2 m diameter antennas . 56
B.4.7.3 Focal distance parametric analysis with new 8 and 13 GHz 1,2 m diameter antennas . 57
Annex C: Rationale for equivalence of SAR (BR/ELV) to E or S (RL/AL) between 1,3 GHz
and 10 GHz . 59
Annex D: Bibliography . 60
History . 61
ETSI
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5 ETSI TR 102 457 V2.1.0 (2018-09)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Access, Terminals, Transmission and
Multiplexing (ATTM).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The protection of the general public and workers from Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) is subject of EU and national
regulations.
Basic information is generally taken from ICNIRP guidelines [i.6], while EU regulations setting harmonised exposure
limits are provided in Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC [i.2] for general public and 2013/35/EU Directive [i.3]
for workers.
EU member states may set more restrictive national limits for the general public, which will prevail on the EU ones;
information on such national limits may be found in a European Commission implementation report [i.5].
EU RF exposure limits are expressed in terms of Basic Restrictions (BR, for general public) or Exposure Limitation
Values (ELV, for workers); the entity placing the EMF transmitting equipment on the market and the entity putting it
into in the affected environment (either with specific field tests or other specific protection measures) are assessing
compliance of RF exposure with the limits defined in the above mentioned EU Recommendation and Directive.
However, RF exposure assessment based on BR/ELV may be complex, for example when Specific Absorption Rate
(SAR) needs to be measured below 10 GHz (for general public) or 6 GHz (for workers); therefore, both EU
Recommendation [i.2] and Directive [i.6] have defined limits in terms of Reference Levels (RL, for general public) or
Action Levels (AL, for workers) which are more easily tested/calculated Electric field (E) and/or Power density (S);
they indicate that, whenever they are satisfied, also the BR/ELV are fulfilled.
ETSI
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6 ETSI TR 102 457 V2.1.0 (2018-09)
One possible approach to the problem, according the EC Non-binding guide [i.4], is to test or calculate a conservative
volume (compliance boundary) around the EMF source where the RL/AL limits are certainly respected; therefore, the
need for EMF assessment of BR/ELV is limited only inside that volume, if accessible by general public or by workers.
Radio equipment are subject to 2014/53/EU Directive [i.1], which article 3.1a) requires self declared assessment also
the "health" of persons; this might include considerations about the evaluation of the impact of the EMF radiated
through the connected antenna based on the above RL or AL limits.
Assessment to article 3.1a of the 2014/53/EU Directive [i.1] of equipment in the scope of the present document may be
carried on based on harmonised standards CENELEC EN 50385 [i.9] for placing equipment on the market and
CENELEC EN 50401 [i.8] for putting them into service. Both harmonised standards rely on CENELEC EN 62232 [i.7]
basic standard that provides the appropriate RF exposure assessment methods.
In case the radio equipment is supplied also with the antenna (or the manufacturer specifies the antenna characteristics
to be connected to the equipment, as it is often the case for fixed service radio systems) the manufacturer might consider
to calculate the above described compliance boundary within the technical documentation in support of the DoC to
2014/53/EU Directive [i.1] as support for the customer's further RF exposure assessment.
The present document describes one methodology for assessing that compliance boundary when the antenna of the
fixed service radio system uses conventional passive directional antennas (parabolic dish).
ETSI
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7 ETSI TR 102 457 V2.1.0 (2018-09)
1 Scope
The present document provides guidelines for assessing the compliance of human exposure to established RF exposure
limits based on the evaluation of the electromagnetic fields in the main beam emission of fixed service radio (base)
stations when operating in line-of-sight (LoS) using directional parabolic (dish) antennas (e.g. in Point to Point
applications). The methodology may be applicable also to other fixed radio stations provided that they use similar
directional parabolic antenna type (e.g. for some terminals in Point to Multipoint and Multipoint to Multipoint systems).
Fixed radio stations using sector and omni-directional antennas are not in the scope of the present document.
Fixed service radio stations in the scope of the present document may use integral/integrated antennas or dedicated
antennas, supplied by the same manufacturer, or stand-alone antennas from different manufacturer, but compliant to
radio equipment manufacturer specifications; detailed definition of those antenna types are found in ETSI
EN 302 217-1 [i.10].
Article 3.1a of the 2014/53/EU Directive [i.1], provides essential requirement for health and safety. Council
Recommendation 1999/519/EC [i.2] (for general public) and Directive 2013/35/EU (for workers) gives recommended
limits for exposure to electromagnetic fields based on the ICNIRP guidelines [i.6]. Assessment of compliance to
article 3.1a of the 2014/53/EU Directive [i.1] of equipment in the scope of the present document and to the requirements
defined in the Directive 2013/35/EU [i.3] (for workers) and Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC [i.2] (for general
public) may be carried on based on harmonised standards CENELEC EN 50385 [i.9] for placing equipment on the
market and CENELEC EN 50401 [i.8] for putting them into service.
The present document considers these exposure limits for comparison; calculations and measurements are reported. The
guidelines presented may be used for calculation of the compliance boundaries as required by CENELEC
EN 50385 [i.9] and CENELEC EN 50401 [i.8].
The simplified assessment method described is derived from measurement and calculation techniques defined in
clause 8 of CENELEC EN 62232 [i.7] (see note) and may help in the compliance assessment of the above mentioned
fixed service radio stations.
Definitions from the above mentioned EN standards are used in the present document where appropriate.
NOTE: CENELEC EN 62232 [i.7] considers a very broad types of radio antennas used in Base Stations
(including Fixed Radio Stations) and is presently limited to 100 GHz; however, in specific case of
parabolic (dish) antennas, the electromagnetic field generation is dominated by purely geometrical factors
(related to the D/λ ratio); therefore, the methodology in the present document is considered applicable
also to fixed service stations operating at higher frequency up to 300 GHz.
The maximum electric field or power density evaluation is based on calculations and measurements performed with the
most common configurations and the values are tabulated. The measurement and calculation results on real systems that
have been used to establish the method are also provided to give an estimation on the accuracy of the method adopted.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
ETSI
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8 ETSI TR 102 457 V2.1.0 (2018-09)
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Directive 2014/53/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on the
harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of
radio equipment and repealing Directive 1999/5/EC.
[i.2] Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the
general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz).
[i.3] Directive 2013/35/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013on the
minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising
from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (20th individual Directive within the meaning of
Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) and repealing Directive 2004/40/EC.
[i.4] Non-binding guide to good practice for implementing Directive 2013/35/EU Electromagnetic
Fields: Volume 1 - Practical guide.
NOTE: Available at http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=738&langId=en&pubId=7845.
[i.5] Report from the Commission on the application of Council Recommendation of 12 July 1999
(1999/519/EC) on the limitation of the exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields
(0 Hz to 300 GHz) - Second Implementation report 2002-2007.
NOTE: Available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52008DC0532.
[i.6
...