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ETSI STANDARD
Methods for Testing and Specification (MTS);
The Testing and Test Control Notation version 3;
TTCN-3 Language Extensions: Object-Oriented Features
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2 ETSI ES 203 790 V1.1.1 (2019-01)
Reference
DES/MTS-203790-00F_ed111
Keywords
language, TTCN-3
ETSI
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3 ETSI ES 203 790 V1.1.1 (2019-01)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definition of terms and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Terms . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
4 Package conformance and compatibility . 7
5 Package Concepts for the Core Language . 8
5.0 General . 8
5.1 Classes and Objects . 8
5.1.0 General . 8
5.1.1 Classes . 8
5.1.1.0 General . 8
5.1.1.1 Scope rules . 9
5.1.1.2 Abstract classes . 10
5.1.1.3 External classes . 10
5.1.1.4 Final Classes . 10
5.1.1.5 Constructors . 11
5.1.1.6 Destructors . 11
5.1.1.7 Methods . 11
5.1.1.8 Method invocation . 12
5.1.1.9 Visibility . 12
5.1.1.10 Built-in classes . 12
5.1.2 Objects . 13
5.1.2.0 General . 13
5.1.2.1 Ownership . 13
5.1.2.2 Object References . 13
5.1.2.3 Null reference . 13
5.1.2.4 Select class-statement. 13
5.1.2.5 Of-operator (Dynamic Class Discrimination) . 14
5.1.2.6 Casting . 14
5.2 Exception handling . 14
5.2.0 General . 14
5.2.1 Extension to ETSI ES 201 873-1, clause 16.1.0 (Functions) . 14
5.2.2 Extension to ETSI ES 201 873-1, clause 16.1.3 (External Functions) . 15
5.2.3 Extension to ETSI ES 201 873-1, clause 16.1.4 (Invoking functions from specific places). 15
5.2.4 Extension to ETSI ES 201 873-1, clause 16.2 (Altsteps). 15
5.2.5 Extension to ETSI ES 201 873-1, clause 16.3 (Test cases) . 16
5.2.6 Extension to ETSI ES 201 873-1, clause 18 (Overview of program statements and operations) . 16
5.2.7 Extension to ETSI ES 201 873-1, clause 19 (Basic program statements) . 18
6 TRI Extensions for the Package . 21
6.1 Extensions to clause 5.3 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 Data interface. 21
6.2 Extensions to clause 5.6.3 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 Miscellaneous operations . 22
TM
6.3 Extensions to clause 6 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 Java language mapping . 24
6.4 Extensions to clause 7 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 ANSI C language mapping . 25
6.5 Extensions to clause 8 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 C++ language mapping. 26
6.6 Extensions to clause 9 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 C# language mapping . 27
7 TCI Extensions for the Package . 28
ETSI
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4 ETSI ES 203 790 V1.1.1 (2019-01)
7.1 Extensions to clause 7.2.2.1 of ETSI ES 201 873-6 Abstract TTCN-3 data types and values . 28
7.2 Extensions to clause 7.2.2 of ETSI ES 201 873-6 Abstract TTCN-3 data types and values . 28
7.3 Extensions to clause 7.2.2.2.0 of ETSI ES 201 873-6 Basic rules . 30
7.4 Extensions to clause 7.2.2.2 of ETSI ES 201 873-6 Abstract TTCN-3 values . 30
7.5 Extensions to clause 7.3.4.1 of ETSI ES 201 873-6 Abstract TCI-TL provided . 31
TM
7.6 Extensions to clause 8 of ETSI ES 201 873-6 Java language mapping . 33
7.7 Extensions to clause 9 of ETSI ES 201 873-6 ANSI C language mapping . 35
7.8 Extensions to clause 10 of ETSI ES 201 873-6 C++ language mapping . 37
7.9 Extensions to clause 11 of ETSI ES 201 873-6 W3C XML mapping . 39
7.10 Extensions to clause 12 of ETSI ES 201 873-6 C# language mapping . 40
8 XTRI Extensions for the Package (optional) . 42
8.1 Changes to clause 5.6.3 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 Miscellaneous operations . 42
TM
8.2 Extensions to clause 6 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 Java language mapping . 44
8.3 Extensions to clause 7 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 ANSI C language mapping . 44
8.4 Extensions to clause 8 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 C++ language mapping. 45
8.5 Extensions to clause 9 of ETSI ES 201 873-5 C# language mapping . 45
Annex A (normative): BNF and static semantics . 46
A.1 Extensions to TTCN-3 terminals . 46
A.2 Modified TTCN-3 syntax BNF productions . 47
A.3 Additional TTCN-3 syntax BNF productions . 48
History . 49
ETSI
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5 ETSI ES 203 790 V1.1.1 (2019-01)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Methods for Testing and Specification
(MTS).
The present document relates to the multi-part standard ETSI ES 201 873 covering the Testing and Test Control
Notation version 3, as identified in ETSI ES 201 873-1 [1].
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI
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6 ETSI ES 203 790 V1.1.1 (2019-01)
1 Scope
The present document defines the support for object-oriented features in TTCN-3. TTCN-3 can be used for the
specification of all types of reactive system tests over a variety of communication ports. Typical areas of application are
protocol testing (including mobile and Internet protocols), service testing (including supplementary services), module
testing, testing of OMG CORBA based platforms, APIs, etc. TTCN-3 is not restricted to conformance testing and can
be used for many other kinds of testing including interoperability, robustness, regression, system and integration testing.
The specification of test suites for physical layer protocols is outside the scope of the present document.
TTCN-3 packages are intended to define additional TTCN-3 concepts, which are not mandatory as concepts in the
TTCN-3 core language, but which are optional as part of a package which is suited for dedicated applications and/or
usages of TTCN-3.
While the design of TTCN-3 package has taken into account the consistency of a combined usage of the core language
with a number of packages, the concrete usages of and guidelines for this package in combination with other packages
is outside the scope of the present document.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references,only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI ES 201 873-1: "Methods for Testing and Specification (MTS); The Testing and Test Control
Notation version 3; Part 1: TTCN-3 Core Language".
[2] ETSI ES 201 873-4: "Methods for Testing and Specification (MTS); The Testing and Test Control
Notation version 3; Part 4: TTCN-3 Operational Semantics".
[3] ETSI ES 201 873-5: "Methods for Testing and Specification (MTS); The Testing and Test Control
Notation version 3; Part 5: TTCN-3 Runtime Interface (TRI)".
[4] ETSI ES 201 873-6: "Methods for Testing and Specification (MTS); The Testing and Test Control
Notation version 3; Part 6: TTCN-3 Control Interface (TCI)".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references,only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI ES 201 873-7: "Methods for Testing and Specification (MTS); The Testing and Test Control
Notation version 3; Part 7: Using ASN.1 with TTCN-3".
ETSI
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7 ETSI ES 203 790 V1.1.1 (2019-01)
[i.2] ETSI ES 201 873-8: "Methods for Testing and Specification (MTS); The Testing and Test Control
Notation version 3; Part 8: The IDL to TTCN-3 Mapping".
[i.3] ETSI ES 201 873-9: "Methods for Testing and Specification (MTS); The Testing and Test Control
Notation version 3; Part 9: Using XML schema with TTCN-3".
[i.4] ETSI ES 201 873-10: "Methods for Testing and Specification (MTS); The Testing and Test
Control Notation version 3; Part 10: TTCN-3 Documentation Comment Specification".
3 Definition of terms and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in ETSI ES 201 873-1 [1], ETSI ES 201 873-4 [2],
ETSI ES 201 873-5 [3] and ETSI ES 201 873-6 [4] apply.
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in ETSI ES 201 873-1 [1], ETSI ES 201 873-4 [2],
ETSI ES 201 873-5 [3] and ETSI ES 201 873-6 [4] apply.
4 Package conformance and compatibility
The package presented in the present document is identified by the package tag:
"TTCN-3:2018 Object-Oriented features" - to be used with modules complying with the present document.
For an implementation claiming to conform to this package version, all features specified in the present document shall
be implemented consistently with the requirements given in the present document and in ETSI ES 201 873-1 [1] and
ETSI ES 201 873-4 [2].
The package presented in the present document is compatible to:
• ETSI ES 201 873-1 [1], version 4.10.1;
• ETSI ES 201 873-4 [2], version 4.6.1;
• ETSI ES 201 873-5 [3], version 4.8.1;
• ETSI ES 201 873-6 [4], version 4.9.1;
• ETSI ES 201 873-7 [i.1];
• ETSI ES 201 873-8 [i.2];
• ETSI ES 201 873-9 [i.3];
• ETSI ES 201 873-10 [i.4].
If later versions of those parts are available and should be used instead, the compatibility to the package presented in the
present document has to be checked individually.
ETSI
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8 ETSI ES 203 790 V1.1.1 (2019-01)
5 Package Concepts for the Core Language
5.0 General
This package defines objec-oriented features for TTCN-3, i.e. it extends the TTCN-3 core language (ETSI
ES 201 873-1 [1]) with well-known concepts from object-oriented programming and modelling languages. This
package realizes the following concepts:
• classes (i.e. class definition, scope rules, abstract and external classes, refinement, constructors, destructors,
methods, visibility, and built-in classes);
• objects (i.e. ownership, object references, select class-statement, dynamic class discrimitation, and casting);
and
• exception handling (i.e. ability to define exception handling for functions, external functions, altsteps, and test
cases).
5.1 Classes and Objects
5.1.0 General
This clause introduces the concepts of class types and their values, called objects as well as the operations allowed to be
applied to these objects.
5.1.1 Classes
5.1.1.0 General
Syntactical Structure
[public | private]
type [external] class [@final |@abstract]
Identifier [extends Identifier]
[runsOnSpec] [systemSpec] [mtcSpec]
"{" {ClassMember} "}"
[finally StatementBlock]
Semantic Description
A class is a type where the values are called objects. A class can declare fields (variables, constants, templates, ports,
timers) and methods as its members. Each member name inside the class shall be unique, there is no overloading. The
private and protected fields and methods are only accessible by the methods of the class, while the public members of
the class can be accessed also from behaviour not defined in the class. The private members of the class can be accessed
directly only by members of the class itself. All members which are neither private nor public are protected and can also
be accessed by members of subclasses.
A class can extend another class. The extended class is called the superclass, while the extending class is called the
subclass. The resulting type of a class definition is the set of object instances of the class itself and all instances of its
direct or indirect subclasses. A subclass is a subtype of its direct and indirect superclasses and its object instances are
type compatible with them. If a class does not explicitly extend another class type, it implicitly extends the root class
type object. Thus, all classes are directly or indirectly extensions of the object class.
A class can have optional runs on, mtc and system clauses. This restricts the type of component context that can create
objects of that class and all methods of this class. If a class does not have one of these clauses, it inherits it from its
superclass, if the superclass has one. If the superclass has or inherits a runs on, mtc or system clause, the subclass may
declare each of these clauses with a more specific component type than the one inherited. The function members of
classes shall not have runs on, system or mtc classes but inherit them from their surrounding class or its superclasses.
ETSI
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9 ETSI ES 203 790 V1.1.1 (2019-01)
Restrictions
a) Templates are not allowed for class types.
b) Passing of object references to the create operation of a component type or a function started on another
component is not allowed.
c) No subtyping definition is allowed for class types via the normal subtype definition.
d) No local/global constants or module parameters of class type or containing class type fields or elements are
allowed.
e) Class type cannot be the contained value of an anytype value.
f) The functions of a class shall not have a runs on, mtc or system clause.
g) The runs on type of a class shall be runs on compatible with the runs on type of the behaviour creating a class.
h) The runs on type of a class shall be runs on compatible with the runs on type of the superclass.
i) The mtc and system type of a class shall be mtc and system compatible with the mtc and system types of the
superclass, respectively.
5.1.1.1 Scope rules
Class constitutes a scope unit. For the uniqueness of identifiers, the rules specified in the clause 5.2.2 of ETSI
ES 201 873-1 [1] apply with the following exceptions:
a) Identifiers from the higher scope can be reused for member declarations. A reference to a reused identifier
without a prefix occurring inside a class scope shall be resolved as a reference to the class member. In order to
refer to the declaration on the higher scope, the identifier shall be preceded with a module name and a dot (".").
b) Identifiers of member declarations can be reused inside methods for formal parameter and local declarations.
A reference to a reused identifier without a prefix occurring inside a class method shall be resolved as a
reference to the formal parameter or local declaration. In order to refer to the member declaration, the
identifier shall be preceded with the this keyword and a dot.
c) Reusing identifiers of members of the component type specified in the runs on clause of the class for members
and inside methods for formal parameters and local declarations is not allowed.
EXAMPLE:
module ClassModule {
const integer a := 1;
type class MyClass() {
const integer a := 2;
function doSomething (integer a := 3) {
log(a); // logs 3 (for the default value)
log(this.a); // logs 2
log(ClassModule.a); // logs 1
}
function doSomethingElse () {
log(a); // logs 2
log(this.a); // also logs 2
log(ClassModule.a); // logs 1
}
}
}
ETSI
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10 ETSI ES 203 790 V1.1.1 (2019-01)
5.1.1.2 Abstract classes
A class can be declared as @abstract. In that case, it is allowed that it also declares abstract member functions who shall
be defined by all non-abstract subclasses. An abstract method function has no function body but can be called in all
concrete instances of subclasses of the abstract class declaring it. Other members of the abstract class or its subclasses
may use the abstract functions as if it was concrete where at runtime the concrete overriding definition will be used.
NOTE 1: Abstract classes are only useful as superclasses of concrete classes.
Restrictions
a) Abstract classes cannot be explicitly instantiated.
b) If a class that is not declared abstract extends an abstract class, all methods that have no implementation in the
superclass shall be implemented in this class.
NOTE 2: Variables of an abstract class type can only contain references to instances of non-abstract subclasses.
5.1.1.3 External classes
A class may also be declared as external. In that case, all members shall be external functions without a function body.
It is allowed to omit the external keyword from these function declarations. When instantiating an external class, the
object being created is provided by the platform adapter and the method calls to the object are delegated via the
platform adapter to the corresponding method of the external object.
NOTE 1: External classes are a way to use object-oriented library functionality to TTCN-3 while still remaining
abstract and independent of actual implementation. Libraries for common constructs like stacks,
collections, tables can be defined or automatic import mechanisms could be provided.
If an object of an external class is instantiated, it implicitly creates an external object and the internal object has a
handle to the external one. The reference to the external object is called a handle. When an external method is invoked
on the internal object, the call is delegated to the handle.
NOTE 2: External objects are possibly shared between different parts of the test system. Therefore, racing
conditions and deadlocks have to be avoided by the external implementation.
An internal class can extend an external class and add internal behaviour, but also additional external functions, which
have to be declared external explicitly. Such a class is conceptually still an external class and each instance has a handle
to an external object.
Restrictions
a) External classes shall not contain fields or functions with a body.
b) External classes shall not be derived from non-external classes other than object.
c) If an internal class defines an external function, it shall be derived from an external class either directly or
indirectly.
EXAMPLE:
external type class Stack {
function push(integer v);
function pop() return integer;
function isEmpty() return boolean;
}
5.1.1.4 Final Classes
If a class shall not be subclassed, it may be declared as @final. Final classes cannot be abstract.
E
...