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TECHNICAL REPORT
System Reference document (SRdoc);
Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) systems
operating below 30 MHz
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2 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
Reference
DTR/ERM-563
Keywords
radio, SRdoc, WPT
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3 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Executive summary . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Terms . 8
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Comments on the System Reference Document . 10
4.1 Statements by ETSI members . 10
5 Presentation of the system or technology . 11
5.1 The WPT technology . 11
5.1.1 Types of WPTsystems . 11
5.1.2 Methods of WPT-Systems . 11
5.2 Applications developed for use by WPT technologies . 12
5.2.1 Introduction. 12
5.2.2 WPT for portable and mobile devices. 12
5.2.3 WPT for home appliances and logistics applications . 13
5.2.4 WPT for electric vehicles . 13
5.2.5 WPT for Medical equipment . 13
5.3 Overview of frequency ranges used by WPT systems worldwide (below 30 MHz) . 13
5.4 Power classes . 14
6 Market information. 14
6.1 General . 14
6.1.1 WPT systems for charging consumer devices . 14
7 Technical information . 16
7.1 Detailed technical description . 16
7.1.1 General . 16
7.1.2 Power Classes . 16
7.1.2.1 Power Class: P < 1W . 17
7.1.2.2 Power Class: P ≤ 5W . 18
7.1.2.3 Power Class: 5 W < P < 31,5 W . 19
7.1.2.4 Power Class: P < 200 W. 20
7.1.2.5 Power class: P < 2,4 kW . 22
7.2 Technical parameters and implications on spectrum use. 22
7.2.1 Status of technical parameters . 22
7.2.1.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations in the candidate bands . 22
7.2.1.2 Sharing and compatibility studies already available . 22
7.2.1.3 Sharing and compatibility issues still to be considered . 24
7.2.2 System parameters . 24
7.3 Information on relevant standard(s) . 24
7.3.1 Standard overview . 24
7.3.2 Overview current/proposed limit requirements for WPT . 26
8 Radio spectrum request and justification . 33
9 Regulations . 34
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4 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
9.1 Current regulations . 34
9.1.1 EC/ECC . 34
9.2 Proposed regulation and justification . 35
Annex A: Information about the status and history of WPT in ITU . 36
Annex B: Bibliography . 38
History . 39
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5 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document contains necessary information to support the co-operation under the MoU between ETSI and the
Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The present document analyses the technical specifications and the need for regulatory and standard improvements of
all kinds of Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) systems/applications, other than WPT for Electric Vehicles (EV) to be
operated in the range of 79 - 90 kHz.
Introduction
The present document was prepared to clarify whether WPT systems using the inductive frequency range below
30 MHz could be seen as "inductive SRDs" and could use the frequency allocations from Decision 2013/752/EU [i.3]
and the ERC/REC 70-03 [i.2], annex 9.
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6 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
1 Scope
The present document provides information of existing and future wireless power transmission (WPT) systems using
technologies other than radio frequency beam, operating in the frequency range below 30 MHz and complements the
published ETSI TR 103 409 [i.20], which contains information about WPT systems for electrical vehicles (WPT-EV) in
the frequency range 79 - 90 kHz.
The related harmonised standard for WPT systems is ETSI EN 303 417 [i.11] and it currently applies to WPT
technologies other than radio frequency beam, in the frequency ranges 19 - 21 kHz, 59 - 61 kHz, 79 - 90 kHz,
100 - 300 kHz and 6 765 - 6 795 kHz.
During the development of ETSI EN 303 417 [i.11], concerns were raised whether the frequency allocations for
inductive SRDs according to EC Decision 2013/752/EU [i.3] and the ERC/REC 70-03 [i.2], annex 9 are applicable for
WPT systems.
Therefore the present document aims to request CEPT to clarify whether the WPT systems using the inductive
frequency range below 30 MHz could be seen as "inductive SRDs" and could use the frequency allocations from
Decision 2013/752/EU [i.3] and the ERC/REC 70-03 [i.2], annex 9.
The present document deals only with WPT based on technologies other than radio frequency beam (e.g. magnetic
induction).
It reviews the present regulations for inductive WPT systems, the related markets and the evolution of the technology,
and it identifies requirements to amend the limits for WPT systems operating below 30 MHz.
The present document contains the necessary information to support the possible co-existence and compatibility studies
to be conducted by the CEPT/ECC, including:
• market information;
• technical information;
• regulatory issues.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI EN 300 330: "Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment in the frequency range 9 kHz
to 25 MHz and inductive loop systems in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz; Harmonised
Standard covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.2] ERC Recommendation 70-03 (5 October 2018): "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices
(SRD)".
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7 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
[i.3] EC Decision (EU) 2017/1483: Commission Implementing Decision of 8 August 2017 amending
Decision 2006/771/EC on harmonisation of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices and
repealing Decision 2006/804/EC.
[i.4] ECC Report 135: "Inductive Limits in the Frequency Range 9 kHz to 148.5 kHz", Bordeaux,
September 2009.
[i.5] ITU-R Report SM.2303-2 (06/2017): "Wireless power transmission using technologies other than
radio frequency beam".
[i.6] ITU-R, Annex to Resolution 958 (WRC-15): " Urgent studies required in preparation for the 2019
World Radiocommunication Conference".
[i.7] CEPT/ERC/REC 74-01: "Spurious Emissions".
[i.8] Question ITU-R 210-3/1 (04-07-2017): "Wireless power transmission".
NOTE: Available at http://www.itu.int/pub/R-QUE-SG01.210.
[i.9] ETSI EN 302 195 (V2.1.1): "Short Range Devices (SRD); Ultra Low Power Active Medical
Implants (ULP-AMI) and accessories (ULP-AMI-P) operating in the frequency range 9 kHz to
315 kHz Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the Directive
2014/53/EU".
[i.10] Radio Regulations, Edition 2016.
[i.11] ETSI EN 303 417 (V1.1.1) (09/2017): "Wireless power transmission systems, using technologies
other than radio frequency beam in the 19 - 21 kHz, 59 - 61 kHz, 79 - 90 kHz, 100 - 300 kHz,
6 765 - 6 795 kHz ranges; Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements of article 3.2
of Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.12] ECC Report 123: "The impact of Object Discrimination and Characterization (ODC) applications
using Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology on radio services", Vlinius, September 2008.
[i.13] Recommendation ITU-R SM.2028 (09/2012): "Protection distance calculation between inductive
systems and radiocommunication services using frequencies below 30 MHz".
[i.14] Recommendation ITU-R SM.2180 (09/2010): "Impact of industrial, scientific and medical (ISM)
equipment on radiocommunication services".
[i.15] Report Recommendation ITU-R SM.2028-2 (06/2017): "Monte Carlo simulation methodology for
the use in sharing and compatibility studies between different radio services or systems (Question
ITU-R 211/1)".
[i.16] Qi Specification: "The Qi Wireless Power Transfer System".
NOTE 1: The most recent WPC publications and specifications can be downloaded from
http://www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com.
NOTE 2: Also published as:
IEC 62827-1:2016: "Wireless power transfer - Management - Part 1: Common components".
IEC 62827-2:2017: "Wireless power transfer - Management - Part 2: Multiple device control
management".
IEC 62827-3:2016: "Wireless power transfer - Management - Part 3: Multiple source control
management".
IEC PAS 63095-2:2017: "The Qi wireless power transfer system - Power class 0 specification -
Part 2: Reference Designs Version.1.1.2".
[i.17] CISPR 14-1:2016: "Electromagnetic compatibility - Requirements for household appliances,
electric tools and similar apparatus - Part 1: Emission".
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8 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
[i.18] CISPR 32:2015: "Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment - Emission
requirements".
[i.19] CISPR 11:2015: "Industrial, scientific and medical equipment - Radio-frequency disturbance
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement".
[i.20] ETSI TR 103 409 (V1.1.1) (10-2016): "System Reference document (SRdoc); Wireless Power
Transmission (WPT) systems for Electric Vehicles (EV) operating in the frequency band 79 -
90 kHz".
[i.21] ERC Report 44: "Sharing between Inductive Systems and Radiocommunications Systems in the
Band 9 - 135 kHz", Sesimbra, January 1997.
[i.22] ECC Report 67: "Compatibility study for generic limits for the emission levels of inductive SRDs
below 30 MHz", Hradec Kralove, October 2005.
[i.23] ECC Report 001: "Compatibility between inductive LF and HF RFID transponder and other radio
communications systems in the frequency ranges 135-148.5 kHz, 4.78-8.78 MHz and
11.56-15.56 MHz", Beaune, February 2002.
[i.24] ERC Report 69: "Propagation model and interference range calculation for inductive systems
10 kHz - 30 MHz", Marbella, February 1999.
[i.25] CENELEC EN 55011 (2009/A1: 2010): "Industrial, scientific and medical equipment - Radio-
frequency disturbance characteristics -Limits and methods of measurement".
[i.26] CENELEC EN 55014-1 (2006 + A1:2009 + A2:2011): "Electromagnetic compatibility -
Requirements for household appliances, electric tools and similar apparatus -Part 1: Emission".
[i.27] CENELEC EN 55015 (2013): "Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance
characteristics of electrical lighting and similar equipment EMCD".
[i.28] CENELEC EN 55032 (2012/AC:2013): "Electromagnetic compatibility of multimedia equipment
-Emission Requirements".
[i.29] A4WP-S-0001 v1.3 (Version 1.3), 05 November 2015: "A4WP Wireless Power Transfer System
Baseline System Specification (BSS)".
[i.30] ETSI EN 300 330-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short
Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment in the frequency range 9 kHz to 25 MHz and inductive
loop systems in the frequency range 9 kHz to 30 MHz; Part 2: Harmonized EN covering the
essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
[i.31] IEC 62827-2: "Wireless power transfer - Management - Part 2: Multiple device control
management".
[i.32] CISPR/I/542/DC: " Proposal for limits and methods of measurement for MME with Wireless
Power".
[i.32] ITU-R Report SM.2303-1: "Wireless power transmission using technologies other than radio
frequency beam".
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in ETSI EN 303 417 [i.11] and the following apply:
class A equipment: equipment suitable for use in all locations other than those allocated in residential environments
and those directly connected to a low voltage power supply network which supplies buildings used for domestic
purposes
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9 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
class B equipment: equipment suitable for use in locations in residential environments and in establishments directly
connected to a low voltage power supply network which supplies buildings used for domestic purposes
primary device: primary part of the Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) system, a combination of a coil,
communication device and/or connection to an energy supply
NOTE: Other expressions: charger, charging pad or primary coil.
secondary device: mobile part/energy receiving part of the Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) system, comprising
the combination of a coil, communication device and/or energy storage in one housing
Wireless Power Transmission (WPT): transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load via
electric and or magnetic fields or waves between a primary and a secondary device
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
dBµA dBmicroampere
P Power
f frequency
H magnetic field strength
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AI Agenda ITEM
AMI Active Medical Implant
CD Committee Draft
CDV Committee Draft for Voting
CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
CG Correspondence Group
CISPR Comité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques
CPM Conference Preparatory Meeting of ITU-R
EAS Electronic Article Surveillance
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
EMCD EMC Directive
EN European standard
ERC European Radiocommunications Committee
EU European Union
EV Electric Vehicle
GPS Global Positioning System
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IHS Information Handling Services
IPT Inductive Power Transfer
IoT Internet of Things
ISM Industrial Scientific Medical
ISO International Standards Organization
LED Light Emitting Diode
LF Low Frequency
LORAN LOng RAnge Navigation system
NFC Near Field Communications
PDN Preliminary Draft New
RA Radiocommunication Assembly
REC RECommendation
RES RESolution
RF Radio Frequency
RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
RR Radio Regulations
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10 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
SEAMCAT Spectrum Engineering Advanced Monte Carlo Analysis Tool
SRD Short Range Device
SG Study Group
SM Spectrum Management
SSPS Space Solar Power System
TR Technical Report
WP Working Party
WPC Wireless Power Consortium
WPT Wireless Power Transmission
WPT-EV Wireless Power Transmission for Electric Vehicles
WRC World Radiocommunication Conference
4 Comments on the System Reference Document
4.1 Statements by ETSI members
Statement from BBC/EBU:
• "The frequency band 85 - 205 kHz overlaps the region 1 licensed broadcast band (LF frequency band
148,5 kHz - 283,5 kHz) and the devices use significant power and will cause interference.
Therefore it is proposed: Remove the overlap with this band in order to offer protection to this broadly used
broadcast band.
• Qi Specification (WPC): The frequencies used by the Qi specification ranges from 87 kHz up to 205 kHz.
There are emerging applications under development (such as two new Power Classes being actively
developed), and operation at frequencies above or below this existing range may need to be considered. As
technology advances, higher frequencies (approaching to 500 kHz) may become beneficial when previously it
was not commercially feasible.
Therefore it is proposed: See comment above and remove overlap with the licensed broadcast band mentioned
above.
• The frequency band 100 - 300 kHz overlaps the licensed region 1 broadcast band (LF frequency band
148,5 kHz - 283,5 kHz) and the devices use significant power and will cause interference."
Therefore it is proposed: Remove the overlap with this band in order to offer protection to this broadly used
broadcast band.
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11 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
5 Presentation of the system or technology
5.1 The WPT technology
5.1.1 Types of WPTsystems
Recommendation ITU-R SG 1 has defined two kinds of WPT systems for which reference can be found in ITU-R
Report SM.2303-2 [i.5]:
WPT via radio frequency beam:
Transfer of power obtained from sun by using microwave frequencies. The most important application of WPT via
radio frequency beam is Space Solar Power System (SSPS). SSPS converts solar energy to electricity with solar cell
arrays placed on the geostationary earth orbit, provides power to microwave generators, sends power beam through
transmitting antennas to rectennas (Rectifier + antenna) on the ground for 24 hours a day under any weather condition.
A wide variety of potential application concepts exists. These include "ground-to-ground transmission", "ground-to-air
transmission", "ground-to-space transmission (including ground-to-space-to-ground)", "space-to-ground transmission",
and "space-to-space transmission". Applications can also be classified by the range of power transmission, including
"short-range transmission (less than a kilometre)", "intermediate range (tens or hundreds of kilometres), and "long-
range transmission (thousands of kilometres)". Power levels and frequencies are very dependent on the application.
These kind of WPT systems are outside the scope of the present document.
WPT by using technologies other than radio frequency beam:
Transfer of power is done via the technologies not using radio frequency beam, such as inductive and resonant
technologies, also called "wireless charging" which is the main focus of the present document.
These technologies can be categorized in different ways according to:
• the physical operation principle;
• the power levels;
• the operating frequencies;
• the operating distances;
• the detection or communication methods;
• the applications.
The present document explains first the physical operation principle and describes afterwards further aspects.
5.1.2 Methods of WPT-Systems
There are a number of methods which can be used to wirelessly transmit power. A schematic presentation of these
methods is given in figure 1.
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12 ETSI TR 103 493 V1.1.1 (2019-02)
Figure 1: Methods of Wireless Power Transmission (WPT)
The scope of the present document is limited to inductive coupled and magnetic resonance methods.
More background about the history and the technical and physical principles of WPT can be found in ITU-R Report
SM.2303-2 [i.5].
5.2 Appl
...