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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SmartM2M;
Extension to SAREF;
Part 6: Smart Agriculture and Food Chain Domain
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2 ETSI TS 103 410-6 V1.1.1 (2019-05)
Reference
DTS/SmartM2M-103410-6-SRF4AGRI
Keywords
IoT, oneM2M, ontology, SAREF, semantic
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3 ETSI TS 103 410-6 V1.1.1 (2019-05)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 References . 5
2.1 Normative references . 5
2.2 Informative references . 5
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 6
3.1 Terms . 6
3.2 Symbols . 6
3.3 Abbreviations . 6
4 SAREF4AGRI ontology and semantics . 6
4.1 Introduction and overview . 6
4.2 SAREF4AGRI . 7
4.2.1 General Overview . 7
4.2.2 Platform, System and Deployment . 10
4.2.3 Measurement. 10
4.2.4 Animal, Crop and Soil (Feature of Interest) . 12
4.2.5 Device . 13
4.2.6 Property . 14
4.2.7 Topology . 15
4.2.8 Person and Organization . 16
4.3 Instantiating SAREF4AGRI . 16
4.3.1 Livestock farming . 16
4.3.2 Smart Irrigation . 18
Annex A (informative): Approach . 19
Annex B (informative): Bibliography . 21
History . 22
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4 ETSI TS 103 410-6 V1.1.1 (2019-05)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Smart Machine-to-Machine
communications (SmartM2M).
The present document is part 6 of a multi-part deliverable covering SmartM2M; Extension to SAREF, as identified
below:
Part 1: "Energy Domain";
Part 2: "Environment Domain";
Part 3: "Building Domain";
Part 4: "Smart Cities Domain";
Part 5: "Industry and Manufacturing Domains ";
Part 6: "Smart Agriculture and Food Chain Domain".
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
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5 ETSI TS 103 410-6 V1.1.1 (2019-05)
1 Scope
The present document presents SAREF4AGRI, an extension of SAREF for the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain
Domain.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TS 103 264 (V2.1.1) (2017-03): "SmartM2M; Smart Appliances; Reference Ontology and
oneM2M Mapping".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 103 411 (V1.1.1) (2017-02): "SmartM2M Smart Appliances SAREF extension
investigation".
[i.2] ETSI TR 103 511 (V1.1.1) (2018-10): "SmartM2M; SAREF extension investigation;
Requirements for AgriFood domain".
[i.3] ETSI TS 103 410-4 (V1.1.1) (2019-04): "SmartM2M; Smart Appliances Extension to SAREF;
Part 6: Smart Cities Domain".
[i.4] Verhoosel J. and Spek J.: "Applying Ontologies in the Dairy Farming Domain for Big Data
st
Analysis". Proceedings of the 1 Semantic Web Technologies for the Internet of Things (SWIT)
th
2016 workshop, co-located with 15 International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2016), Kobe,
Japan, October 2016, pg. 91-100, CEUR.
NOTE: Available at http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1783/.
[i.5] ETSI TS 103 264 (V3.1.1): "SmartM2M; Smart Applications; Reference Ontology and oneM2M
Mapping".
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3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
ontology: formal specification of a conceptualization, used to explicitly capture the semantics of a certain reality
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AEF Agricultural industry Electronics Foundation
FOAF Friend of a Friend
GPS Global Positioning System
ICAR Global Standard for Livestock Data
IT Information Technology
NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
OM Ontology of units of Measure
OWL Web Ontology Language
OWL-DL Web Ontology Language – Description Logic
RDF Resource Description Framework
RDF-S Resource Description Framework Schema
SAREF Smart Applications REFerence ontology
SAREF4AGRI SAREF extension for the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain Domain
SAREF4BLDG SAREF extension for buildings
SAREF4CITY SAREF extension for Smart Cities
SOSA Sensor Observation Sampling Actuator
SSN Semantic Sensor Network
STF Specialists Task Force
TR Technical Report
TS Technical Specification
4 SAREF4AGRI ontology and semantics
4.1 Introduction and overview
The present document has been developed in the context of the STF 534, an ETSI specialists task force that was
established with the goal to extend SAREF for the domains of Smart Cities, Smart Industry & Manufacturing, and
Smart AgriFood (https://portal.etsi.org/STF/stfs/STFHomePages/STF534). In particular, the present document is a
technical specification of SAREF4AGRI, an OWL-DL ontology that extends SAREF for the Smart Agriculture and
Food Chain domain. The intention of SAREF4AGRI is to connect SAREF with existing ontologies (such as W3C SSN,
W3C SOSA, GeoSPARQL, etc.) and important standardization initiatives and ontologies in the Smart Agriculture and
Food Chain domain, including ICAR for livestock data (https://www.icar.org/), AEF for agricultural equipment
(http://www.aef-online.org), Plant Ontology Consortium for plants (http://archive.plantontology.org), AgGateway for
IT support for arable farming (http://www.aggateway.org/), as mentioned in the associated SAREF4AGRI requirements
document ETSI TR 103 511 [i.2].
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To show the potential of SAREF4AGRI, the present document focuses on two examples, which are the "livestock
farming" and "smart irrigation" use cases. Various other examples exist in the Smart Agriculture and Food Chain
domain, such as arable farming, horticulture, agricultural equipment, greenhouses and food chain, as mentioned in [i.2]
(for an exhaustive list of use cases, see also the H2020 Large Scale Pilot "Internet of Food and Farm 2020 (IoF2020)" at
https://iof2020.eu/trials). However, it was necessary to make actionable choices within the STF 534 timeframe and the
available resources, thus livestock farming and smart irrigation have been chosen as the two initial examples to create
SAREF4AGRI. As a next step, it is recommended to further refine the proposed livestock farming and smart irrigation
examples to add relevant sensors that are not considered yet, and also consider additional use cases to create new
releases of SAREF4AGRI, following and extending the examples provided in the present document. As all the SAREF
ontologies, SAREF4AGRI is a dynamic semantic model that is meant to evolve over time. Therefore, the stakeholders
in the AgriFood domain (starting from the ICAR, AEF and AgGateway initiatives) are invited to use, validate and
provide feedback on SAREF4AGRI, collaborating with the SAREF ontology experts to improve and evolve
SAREF4AGRI in an iterative and interactive manner, so that changes and additions can be incorporated in future
releases of the present document.
The livestock farming and smart irrigation use cases used as basis to create SAREF4AGRI in the present document are
concerned with the integration of multiple data sources for the purpose of providing decision support services located
on the local "Farm Management System" of the farmers or provided by a service over the network. Multiple data
sources of interest include GPS, meteorological data (both historic and current), remote observation (via satellite
sources such as Copernicus) and local observation using near or proximal sensors. As an extension of SAREF, which is
a semantic model for IoT that describes smart devices and applications in terms of their functions, services, states and
measurements [1], SAREF4AGRI is concerned with the description of proximal sensors that measure a variety of
relevant parameters for agriculture, including: (on animal) movement, temperature, etc., (in the soil) moisture/humidity,
Ph value, salinity, compaction, (on plant) plant colour (NDVI), etc. The measurements from these sensors need to be
integrated by a decision support service to enable the planning of (for example) a treatment plan for animals (in a
livestock scenario), or a decision to irrigate or harvest (in an irrigation, horticulture or greenhouse context). The
requirements used to create the SAREF4AGRI extension specified in the present document are described in the
associated ETSI TR 103 511 [i.2].
The prefixes and namespaces used in SAREF4AGRI and in the present document are listed in Table 1.
Table 1: Prefixes and namespaces used within the SAREF4AGRI ontology
Prefix Namespace
s4agri https://w3id.org/def/saref4agri#
saref https://w3id.org/saref#
dbpedia http://dbpedia.org/resource/
dcterms http://purl.org/dc/terms/
owl http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
om http://www.wurvoc.org/vocabularies/om-1.8/
rdf http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
sosa http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/
ssn http://www.w3.org/ns/ssn/
xsd http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
geo http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#
wgs84 http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#
foaf http://xmlns.com/foaf/spec/#
taxrank http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/taxrank.owl#
org https://schema.org/
4.2 SAREF4AGRI
4.2.1 General Overview
An overview of the SAREF4AGRI ontology is provided in Figure 1. For all the entities described in the present
document, it is indicated whether they are defined in the SAREF4AGRI extension or elsewhere by the prefix included
before their identifier, i.e. if the element is defined in SAREF4AGRI, the prefix is s4agri, while if the element is
reused from another ontology it is indicated by a prefix according to Table 1.
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Arrows are used to represent properties between classes and to represent some RDF, RDF-S and OWL constructs, more
precisely:
• Plain arrows with white triangles represent the rdfs:subClassOf relation between two classes. The origin
of the arrow is the class to be declared as subclass of the class at the destination of the arrow.
• Dashed arrows between two classes indicate a local restriction in the origin class, i.e. that the object property
can be instantiated between the classes in the origin and the destination of the arrow. The identifier of the
object property is indicated within the arrow.
• Dashed arrows with identifiers between stereotype signs (i.e. "<< >>") refer to OWL constructs that are
applied to some ontology elements, that is, they can be applied to classes or properties depending on the OWL
construct being used.
• Dashed arrows with no identifier are used to represent the rdf:type relation, indicating that the element in
the origin of the arrow is an instance of the class in the destination of the arrow.
Datatype properties are denoted by rectangles attached to the classes, in an UML-oriented way. Dashed boxes represent
local restrictions in the class, i.e. datatype properties that can be applied to the class they are attached to.
Individuals are denoted by rectangles in which the identifier is underlined.
Note that Figure.1 aims at showing a global overview of the main classes of SAREF4AGRI and their mutual relations.
More details on the different parts of Figure 1 are provided from clause 4.2.2 to clause 4.2.8.
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Figure 1: SAREF4AGRI overview
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4.2.2 Platform, System and Deployment
The model defined in SAREF4AGRI for representing platforms, systems and deployments is depicted in Figure 2. The
main entities in the modelling are represented by the ssn:System and ssn:Deployment classes. Note that the
design patterns for modelling these concepts have been taken from the W3C SSN ontology and, as a best practice for
reuse, the SAREF4AGRI model refers directly to the URIs of the SSN (http://www.w3.org/ns/ssn/) and SOSA
(http://www.w3.org/ns/sosa/) ontologies.
The ssn:System class in the SSN ontology represents a system and is components as specific devices, actuators or
sensors. Moreover, the ssn:Deployment class from the SSN ontology describes the deployment of one or more
systems on a sosa:Platform for a particular purpose for a given time period. SAREF4AGRI defines a
saref:Device as subclass of an ssn:System and extends the ssn:Deployment class by means of the
s4agri:Deployment class. In this way, it is possible to represent a specific installation of a certain agricultural
system (e.g. a smart irrigation system) in a given space (expressed by means of the property
s4agri:hasDeploymentPeriod) and at a given temporal frame (expressed by means of the property
s4agri:isDeployedAtSpace) where SAREF4AGRI devices (e.g. a pluviometer, a soil tensiometer, a weather
station and a watering gun) can be deployed. The deployment can involve a given sosa:Platform which hosts the
system deployed in such deployment. In order to represent temporal information the TIME ontology has been reused.
For the geographical information both the GeoSPARQL ontology (http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#) and the
WGS84 Geo vocabulary (http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#) are reused.
Figure 2: Platform, System and Deployment
Table 2 summarizes the properties that characterize the s4agri:Deployment class.
Table 2: Properties of Deployment
Property Definition
s4agri:Deployment ssn:deployedOnPlatform some sosa:Platform The relation between a deployment and the
platform in which it is deployed.
s4agri:Deployment ssn:deployedSystem some ssn:System The relation between a deployment and the
system deployed.
s4agri:Deployment s4agri:hasDeployementPeriod some The relation between a deployment and the
time:TemporalEntity time span during which the systems are
deployed.
s4agri:Deployment s4agri:isDeployedAtSpace The relation between a deployment and the
somegeosp:SpatialObject spatial area in which the systems are deployed.
4.2.3 Measurement
As shown in Figure 3, the modelling of measurements in SAREF4AGRI relies on the measurement model proposed in
SAREF to express information about a certain property to be measured, its measured value, its measurement unit and
the time of the measurement.
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This modelling includes the saref:FeatureOfInterest (whose design pattern has been taken from the W3C
SSN ontology) that provides the means to refer to the real world phenomena that is being observed in a given
measurement (e.g. a cow can be defined in SAREF4AGRI as the feature of interest of a weight measurement made by a
weight sensor). The reader is referred to the SAREF specification [1] for details about the modelling of measurements,
whereas the present document includes details only for the new concepts created in SAREF4AGRI, such as the the
classes and instances added to support the livestock farming and smart irrigation use cases. Note that a work item
(RTS/SmartM2M-103264v3) [i.5] has been opened to evolve the current SAREF core specification ETSI
TS 103 264 [1] (V2.1.1) according to the latest developments in various sectors, including the input from the
SAREF4AGRI extension in the present document. The RTS/SmartM2M-103264v3 [i.5] work item will result in an
updated SAREF 3.0 core ontology. The following properties (to be included in SAREF 3.0) are reused in
SAREF4AGRI to complete the model of measurements:
• saref:isPropertyOf (and its inverse saref:hasProperty) to link the property being observed
with the feature of interest.
• saref:hasFeatureOfInterest (and its inverse saref:isFeatureOfInterestOf) to link a
given measurement with the feature of interest being observed.
• saref:measurementMadeBy has been included as complement of the saref:makesMeasurement,
as its inverse, to link a measurement and the device that produces it.
Figure 3: Measurement model
In order to support the Smart Irrigation use case, a number of units of measure have been added to SAREF4AGRI as
instances of the saref:UnitOfMeasure class, namely dbpedia:DBM (decibel-milliwatts), om:millivolt
(millivolt), om:millimetre (millimetre), om:millibar (millibar) and om:degree_Celsius (degree Celsius).
Additionally, for the livestock farming use case the om:Liter unit has been added. These instances have been reused
from DBpedia (https://wiki.dbpedia.org/) and the Ontology of units of Measure (OM) 2.0 (http://www.ontology-of-
units-of-measure.org/).
In order to support the livestock farming use case (and potentially other use cases such as arable farming and
horticulture in future SAREF4AGRI releases), the s4agri:Animal, s4agri:AnimalGroup and s4agri:Crop
classes have been added to SAREF4AGRI as subclasses of saref:FeatureOfInterest (see clause 4.2.4).
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In this way, measurements from relevant sensors (such as on animal activity movement, temperature, weight, milking
yield, etc.) can be related via the hasFeatureOfInterest relation to specific e.g. (groups of) animals that are
instances of the saref:FeatureOfInterest class. This relation is explained in more detail in the following
clause.
4.2.4 Animal, Crop and Soil (Feature of Interest)
The main features of interest in SAREF4AGRI currently support (aspects of) the livestock farming and smart irrigation
use cases and are represented by the s4agri:Animal, s4agri:AnimalGroup, s4agri:Crop and
s4agri:Soil classes that are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Animal, Crop and Soil
The s4agri:Animal class describes an animal that can be classified in SAREF4AGRI reusing the TAXRANK
taxonomy vocabulary (http://purl.obolibrary.org/obo/taxrank.owl#). Besides the reuse of the TAXRANK taxonomy
vocabulary, an animal is furthermore defined in SAREF4AGRI in order to have a birth and death date. An animal also
has a unique identifier and can be part of one or more s4agri:AnimalGroup that are used to conduct experiments
and observations on the livestock. Note that animals can be also specialized using subclasses, as is shown in the
example in clause 4.3.1 with the ex:LactatingCow class that was created as a subclass of s4agri:Animal.
Animals and animal groups are related to measurements via the saref:FeatureOfinterest concept of SAREF
(see clause 4.2.3).
The s4agri:Soil class represents the upper layer of the earth in which plants grow. The s4agri:Crop class
describes a collection of homogeneous plant species that is grown on a large scale commercially (especially a cereal,
fruit, or vegetable) and is planted on a single location. A s4agri:Crop is grown on some s4agri:Parcel, which
is an area of land, defined in SAREF4AGRI as subclass of the geosp:Feature (see clause 4.2.6). Moreover,
s4agri:Crop is related to measurements via saref:FeatureOfInterest (see clause 4.2.3).
Table 3 and Table 4 summarize the definitions of the main classes and properties described above.
Table 3: Animal, Crop and Soil: class definitions
Class Definition
s4agri:Animal An individual and identifiable organism that feeds on organic matter, typically having
specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.
Animals can be further specialized using subclasses, for example, to represent a
lactating cow that is a domesticated cow specialized for the production of milk.
s4agri:AnimalGroup A collection of one or multiple s4agri:Animal.
s4agri:Crop A collection of cultivated plants that is grown on a large scale commercially, especially a
cereal, fruit, or vegetable.
s4agri:Soil Upper layer of the earth in which plants grow.
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Table 4: Animal and Crop: property definitions
Property Definition
s4agri:Animal
obo:TAXRANK_1000000 some The taxonomic ranking using TAXRANK.
obo:TAXRANK_0000000
s4agri:hasBirthDate max 1 xsd:dateTime The birth date of an animal.
s4agri:hasDeathDate max 1 xsd:dateTime The death date of an animal.
s4agri:hasID exactly 1 s4agri:ID The unique identifier of an animal.
s4agri:isLocatedIn some geo:Feature The physical location of an animal
s4agri:isMemberOf some s4agri:AnimalGroup An animal can be part of groups.
s4agri:name max 1 xsd:string The name of an animal.
s4agri:AnimalGroup
s4agri:hasMember some s4agri:Animal The members of an AnimalGroup.
s4agri:receives some s4agri:Intake The intake/consumption of an AnimalGroup.
s4agri:generates some s4agri:Yield The yield generated by an AnimalGroup.
s4agri:isLocatedIn some geo:Feature The physical location of an AnimalGroup.
s4agri:name max 1 xsd:string The name of an AnimalGroup.
s4agri:Crop
obo:TAXRANK_1000000 some The taxonomic ranking using TAXRANK.
obo:TAXRANK_0000000
s4agri:receives some s4agri:
...