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STANDARDSIST EN 12591:20041DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 12591:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 12591April 2009ICS 93.080.20; 91.100.50Supersedes EN 12591:1999
English VersionBitumen and bituminous binders - Specifications for pavinggrade bitumensBitumes et liants bitumineux - Spécifications des bitumesroutiersBitumen und bitumenhaltige Bindemittel - Anforderungenan StraßenbaubitumenThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 14 March 2009.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels© 2009 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 12591:2009: ESIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .3 Introduction .4 1 Scope .5 2 Normative references .5 3 Terms and definitions .6 4 Sampling .6 5 Requirements and test methods .6 6 Evaluation of conformity . 14 Annex A (normative)
Calculation of the penetration index, Ip . 17 Annex B (informative)
Complementary information on grade selection . 19 Annex ZA (informative)
Clauses of this European Standard addressing the provisions of the EU Construction Products Directive . 20 Bibliography . 29
SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 3 Foreword This document (EN 12591:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 336 “Bituminous binders”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October 2009. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 12591:1999. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Construction Product Directive (89/106/EEC). For relationship with EU Construction Product Directive (89/106/EEC), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this document. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. This European Standard is part of a family of European Standards for bitumen as follows:
NOTE Industrial applications are not covered by mandate M/124.
Bituminous binders Paving Grade Bitumens EN 12591rev Oxidized Bitumens (industrial applications) EN 13304 Hard GradeIndustrialBitumens (industrial applications)EN 13924 HardPaving Grade Bitumens PolymerModifiedBitumensEN 14023 EN 13305Cut-back &Fluxed Bitumens prEN 15322CationicBituminousEmulsionsEN 13808 SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 4 Introduction This European Standard describes the performance required for a number of properties of bitumen and bituminous binders, as shown in Table 1 to Table 3 inclusive. Some of the properties are required by regulation in at least one EU or EFTA country (see Table ZA.1.1 and Table ZA.1.2) and some are included only for the benefit of industry to assist specifying appropriate performances for different end uses. For paving grade bitumen, the testing of the following also gives an indication that its intrinsic cohesive properties are adequate for normal use. a) Consistency at intermediate service temperature; b) Consistency at elevated service temperature; c) Durability of consistency. The properties of "adhesion" and "setting ability" are indicated by tests used on either the finished asphalt mixtures or on aggregate-bitumen combinations, i.e. EN 12697–1, EN 12697–11, EN 12697–12, EN 12697– 26 [1 to 4], rather than tests on the bitumen itself. This European Standard still consists of specifications based upon traditional test methods. Work programs are being undertaken to evaluate alternative properties and test methods in order to develop new specifications that are more directly performance-related. The progress of those work programmes are reported in CEN/TR 15352 [17], and the results will be considered for future revisions of this European Standard. SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 5 1 Scope This European Standard provides a framework for specifying a range of properties and relevant test methods for bitumens, which are suitable for use in the construction and maintenance of roads, airfields and other paved areas, together with requirements for evaluation of conformity. This European Standard does not directly address ‘cohesion, adhesion and setting ability’ (see Introduction). NOTE Although industrial bitumens are specified according to EN 13305, it should be underlined that paving grade bitumens, specified according to this European Standard, can also be used for industrial applications. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 58, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Sampling bituminous binders EN 1426, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of needle penetration EN 1427, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of the softening point – Ring and Ball method EN 12592, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of solubility EN 12593, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of the Fraass breaking point EN 12594, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Preparation of test samples EN 12595, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of kinematic viscosity EN 12596, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of dynamic viscosity by vacuum capillary EN 12597, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Terminology EN 12607-1, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of the resistance to hardening under the influence of heat and air – Part 1: RTFOT method EN 12607-2, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Determination of the resistance to hardening under the influence of heat and air – Part 2: TFOT method EN 15326, Bitumen and bituminous binders – Measurement of density and specific gravity – Capillary-stoppered pyknometer method EN ISO 2592, Determination of flash and fire points – Cleveland open cup method (ISO 2592:2000) EN ISO 2719, Determination of flash point – Pensky-Martens closed cup method (ISO 2719:2002) EN ISO 4259, Petroleum products – Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test (ISO 4259:2006) EN ISO 9001:2000, Quality management systems – Requirements (ISO 9001:2000) SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 6 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 12597:2000 apply. 4 Sampling Samples of bulk products shall be taken as described in EN 58. Test samples shall be taken from the laboratory samples, and prepared for testing, as described in EN 12594. 5 Requirements and test methods 5.1 General European product standards cover a large variety of road materials for different applications, to accommodate local traffic loads and climatic conditions. This European Standard therefore also covers a large range of bitumens to facilitate the production and application of the designed paving. The variety of production techniques and applications makes it more practical to split bitumens into three separate tables. The requirements for the properties for a specific grade shall be selected from Table 1A, Table 1B, Table 2A, Table 2B, Table 3A and Table 3B by choosing a column representing the specified values or ranges. There is a subdivision of properties into two groups in the tables. The properties in Table 1A, Table 2A and Table 3A shall be specified for all paving grade bitumens. They are associated with regulatory or HSE requirements. The properties in Table 1B, Table 2B and Table 3B are required to meet specific regional conditions. They are associated with regulatory or other regional requirements.
Two severity levels for resistance to hardening are stated as alternatives as, under specific conditions, a larger increase in softening point after Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) may be allowed (i.e. Severity level 2) without detrimental effect if this increase is associated with requirements for Fraass breaking point or penetration index (Ip) or both. NOTE For complementary information on grade selection, see Annex B. 5.2 Properties and related test methods 5.2.1 General The properties of paving grade bitumens and related test methods shall be in accordance with Table 1A and Table1B, or Table 2A and Table 2B or Table 3A and Table 3B. When tested by the methods given in the Tables, the various paving grades shall conform to the limits specified.
The grades are designated by the nominal penetration or viscosity ranges as appropriate. 5.2.2 Consistency at intermediate service temperature Consistency at intermediate service temperature shall conform to the requirements for penetration value in Table 1A or Table 2A.
5.2.3 Consistency at elevated service temperature Consistency at elevated service temperature shall conform to the requirements for softening point in Table 1A (penetration graded), softening point or dynamic viscosity in Table 2A (penetration graded), or kinematic viscosity in Table 3A (kinematic viscosity graded). SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 7 5.2.4 Brittleness at low service temperature Brittleness at low service temperature may be required to meet specific regional conditions in countries susceptible to extreme cold. Where required, paving grade bitumens shall conform to the requirements for Fraass breaking point in Table 1B or Table 2B. 5.2.5 Temperature dependence of consistency Temperature dependence of consistency may be required to meet specific regional conditions. Where required, paving grade bitumens shall conform to the requirement for dynamic viscosity or penetration index (Ip) or both in Table 1B. 5.2.6 Durability – Resistance to hardening Durability is demonstrated by compliance with the required surrogate characteristics of “Resistance to hardening”, defined in Table 1A, Table 2A or Table 3B. Resistance to hardening shall be tested according to the Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) in accordance with EN 12607-1 for binders from Table 1A and Table 2A. Resistance to hardening shall be tested according to the Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT) in accordance with EN 12607-2 for binders from Table 3A. 5.2.7 Other properties 5.2.7.1 Density Although requirements for the density of paving grade bitumens are not given in this document, density shall be determined, when necessary, in accordance with EN 15326. 5.2.7.2 Flash point Flash point shall be determined by the Cleveland open cup method in EN ISO 2592 for binders in Table 1A and by the Pensky-Martens closed cup method, EN ISO 2719, for binders in Table 2A and Table 3A. NOTE For bitumens in Table 1A, the Pensky-Martens closed cup method may be used to investigate possible contamination but is likely to give lower values than the Cleveland open cup method. 5.3 Release of dangerous regulated substances Materials used in products shall not release any dangerous substances in excess of the maximum permitted levels specified in a relevant European Standard for the material or permitted in the national regulations of the member state of destination. 5.4 Precision The test methods referred to in this document include precision statements when available. In cases of uncertainty, the procedures described in EN ISO 4259 for interpretation of the results based on test method precision shall be used. SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 8 Table 1A — Paving grade bitumen specifications for grades from 20 x 0,1 mm to 220 x 0,1 mm penetration
—
Properties applying to all paving grade bitumen listed in this table Property Test methodUnit 20/30 30/45 35/50 40/60 50/70 70/100 100/150 160/220 Penetration at 25 °C EN 1426 0,1 mm 20 – 30 30 – 45 35 – 50 40 – 60 50 – 70 70 – 100100 – 150160 – 220 Softening point EN 1427 °C 55 – 63 52 – 60 50 – 58 48 – 56 46 – 54 43 – 51 39 – 47 35 – 43 Resistance to hardening at 163 °C EN 12607-1
Retained penetration
% ≥ 55 ≥ 53 ≥ 53 ≥ 50 ≥ 50 ≥ 46 ≥ 43 ≥ 37 Increase in softening point, - Severity 1 or Increase in softening point, - Severity 2 a
°C
°C ≤ 8 or ≤ 10 ≤ 8 or ≤ 11 ≤ 8 or ≤ 11 ≤ 9 or ≤ 11 ≤ 9 or ≤ 11 ≤ 9 or ≤ 11 ≤ 10 or ≤ 12 ≤ 11 or ≤ 12 Change of mass b (absolute value)
% ≤ 0,5 ≤ 0,5 ≤ 0,5 ≤ 0,5 ≤ 0,5 ≤ 0,8 ≤ 0,8 ≤ 1,0 Flash point EN ISO 2592°C ≥ 240
≥ 240 ≥ 240 ≥ 230 ≥ 230 ≥ 230 ≥ 230 ≥ 220 Solubility
EN 12592 % ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 a When Severity 2 is selected it shall be associated with the requirement for Fraass breaking point or penetration index or both measured on the unaged binder (see Table 1B) b Change in mass can be either positive or negative. The properties in Table 1A shall be specified for all paving grade bitumens listed in this Table. They are associated with regulatory or HSE requirements and shall be included in all specifications. SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 9 Table 1B — Paving grade bitumen specifications for grades from 20 x 0,1 mm to 220 x 0,1 mm penetration -
Properties associated with regulatory or other regional requirements
The properties in Table 1B are required to meet specific regional conditions. They are associated with regulatory or other regional requirements. Property Test methodUnit 20/30 30/45 35/50 40/60 50/70 70/100 100/150160/220 Penetration index a Annex A b – - 1,5 to
+ 0,7 or
NR c
- 1,5 to + 0,7 or
NR c - 1,5 to + 0,7 or
NR c - 1,5 to + 0,7 or
NR c - 1,5 to + 0,7 or
NR c - 1,5 to + 0,7 or
NR c - 1,5 to + 0,7 or NR c - 1,5 to + 0,7 or
NR c Dynamic viscosity at 60 °C EN 12596 Pa ⋅ s ≥ 440 or
NR c ≥ 260 or
NR c ≥ 225 or
NR c ≥ 175 or
NR c ≥ 145 or
NR c ≥ 90 or
NR c ≥ 55 or
NR c ≥ 30 or
NR c Fraass breaking point a EN 12593 °C
NR c ≤ - 5 or
NR c ≤ - 5 or
NR c ≤ - 7 or
NR c ≤ - 8 or
NR c ≤ - 10 or
NR c ≤ - 12 or
NR c ≤ - 15 or
NR c Kinematic viscosity at 135 °C EN 12595 mm2/s ≥ 530 or
NR c
≥ 400 or
NR c ≥ 370 or
NR c ≥ 325 or
NR c ≥ 295 or
NR c ≥ 230 or
NR c ≥ 175 or NR c ≥ 135 or
NR c a When Severity 2 is selected it shall be associated with the requirement for Fraass breaking point or penetration index or both measured on the unaged binder. b Reference to normative Annex A in this document dealing with the calculation of penetration index. c NR. No Requirement may be used when there are no regulations or other regional requirements for the property in the territory of intended use. SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 10 Table 2A — Paving grade bitumen specifications for grades from 250 x 0,1 mm to 900 x 0,1 mm penetration -
Properties applying to all paving grade bitumen listed in this table Property Test methodUnit 250/330 330/430 500/650 650/900 Penetration at 25 °C or Penetration at 15 °C EN 1426 0,1 mm 250 – 330
– – – EN 1426 0,1 mm 70 – 130 90 – 170 140 – 260 180 – 360 Dynamic viscosity at 60 °C or Softening point EN 12596 Pa ⋅ s ≥ 18 ≥ 12 ≥ 7,0 ≥ 4,5 EN 1427 °C 30 - 38 – – – Resistance to hardening at 163 °C EN 12607-1
Viscosity ratio at 60 °C or Increase in softening point
– ≤ 4,0 ≤ 4,0 ≤ 4,0 ≤ 4,0
°C ≤ 11 – – – Change of mass a (absolute value)
% ≤ 1,0 ≤ 1,0 ≤ 1,5 ≤ 1,5 Flash point EN ISO 2719 °C ≥ 180 ≥ 180 ≥ 180 ≥ 180 Solubility
EN 12592 % ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 a Change in mass can be either positive or negative.
The properties in Table 2A shall be specified for all paving grade bitumens listed in this table. They are associated with regulatory or HSE requirements and shall be included in all specifications. SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 11 Table 2B — Paving grade bitumen specifications for grades from 250 x 0,1 mm to 900 x 0,1 mm penetration -
Properties associated with regulatory or other regional requirements
The properties in Table 2B are required to meet specific regional conditions. They are associated with regulatory or other regional requirements.
Property Test method Unit 250/330 330/430 500/650 650/900 Fraass breaking point
EN 12593 °C ≤ - 16
or NR a
≤ - 18 or NR a ≤ - 20 or NR a
≤ - 20 or NR a Kinematic viscosity at 135 °C EN 12595 mm2/s ≥ 100
or NR a ≥ 85 or NR a ≥ 65 or NR a ≥ 50 or NR a a NR. No Requirement may be used when there are no regulations or other regional requirements for the property in the territory of intended use. SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 12
Table 3A — Paving grade bitumen specifications – Soft bitumens: bitumens designated and specified by kinematic viscosity at 60 °C -
Properties applying to all paving grade bitumen listed in this table
Property Test method Unit V1500 V3000 V6000 V12000 Kinematic viscosity at 60 °C EN 12595 mm2/s
1000 – 2000 2000 – 4000 4000 – 8000 8000 – 16000 Resistance to hardening at 120 °C EN 12607-2
Change of mass a (absolute value)
% ≤ 2,0 ≤ 1,7 ≤ 1,4 ≤ 1,0 Flash point
EN ISO 2719 °C ≥ 160 ≥ 160 ≥ 180 ≥ 180 Solubility
EN 12592 % ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 ≥ 99,0 a Change in mass can be either positive or negative.
The properties in Table 3A shall be specified for all paving grade bitumens listed in this table. They are associated with regulatory or HSE requirements and shall be included in all specifications. SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 13
Table 3B — Paving grade bitumen specifications –Soft bitumens: bitumens designated and specified by kinematic viscosity at 60 °C-
Properties associated with regulatory or other regional requirements
The properties in Table 3B are required to meet specific regional conditions. They are associated with regulatory or other regional requirements.
Properties
Test method Unit V1500 V3000 V6000 V12000 Resistance to hardening at 120 °C
TFOT EN 12607-2
Viscosity ratio at 60 °C
– ≤ 3,0
or NR a
≤ 3,0 or NR a ≤ 2,5 or NR a ≤ 2,0 or NR a a NR. No Requirement may be used when there are no regulations or other regional requirements for the property in the territory of intended use. SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 14 6 Evaluation of conformity 6.1 General The compliance of paving grade bitumens with the requirements of this European Standard and with the stated values (including grades) shall be demonstrated by: a) Initial Type Testing (ITT), b) Factory Production Control (FPC). NOTE The information from evaluation of conformity can be available for audit as detailed in a manufacturer's quality plan. 6.2 Type testing 6.2.1 Initial Type Testing (ITT) Initial type tests shall be performed to show the conformity of the bitumen/bituminous binder with this European Standard. Tests previously performed in accordance with the provisions of this European Standard (same product, same characteristic(s), test method, sampling procedure, system of attestation of conformity, etc…) may be taken into account. All the characteristics required in the European Standard shall be subject to initial type testing except dangerous substances, which may be declared by control of the raw materials, and characteristics where NR is chosen. 6.2.2 Further Type Testing Whenever a change occurs in the base materials or the production process, which would change significantly one or more of the characteristics, the further type test shall be repeated for the appropriate characteristic(s). 6.2.3 Sampling, testing and compliance criteria Sampling shall be taken as specified in Clause 4. The results of all type tests (initial and further type tests) shall be recorded, held by the manufacturer for at least five years from the date of the test and be available for inspection. 6.3 Factory Production Control (FPC) 6.3.1 General The manufacturer shall establish, document and maintain an FPC system to ensure that the products placed on the market conform to the stated performance characteristics. The FPC system shall consist of procedures, regular inspections, tests or assessments and the use of the results to control the quality of the finished product. An FPC system conforming to the requirements of EN ISO 9001 and made specific to the requirements of this standard shall be deemed to satisfy the above requirements. The results of inspections, tests or assessments requiring action shall be recorded, as shall any action taken. The action to be taken when control values or criteria are not met shall be recorded and retained for the period specified in the manufacturer's FPC procedures. SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 15 6.3.2 Equipment In accordance with testing, all weighing, measuring and testing equipment shall be calibrated and regularly inspected according to documented procedures, frequencies and criteria. In accordance with manufacturing, all equipment used in the manufacturing process shall be regularly inspected and maintained to ensure use, wear or failure does not cause inconsistency in the manufacturing process. Inspections and maintenance shall be carried out and recorded in accordance with the manufacturer's written procedures on equipment identified by the manufacturer as necessary to achieve or maintain product quality and the records retained for the period defined in the manufacturer's FPC procedures. 6.3.3 Base materials The acceptance criteria for all incoming base materials shall be documented, as shall the inspection scheme for ensuring their conformity. 6.3.4 Product testing and evaluation The manufacturer shall establish procedures to ensure that the stated values of all the characteristics are maintained. The characteristics and the means of control are: all characteristics shall be subject to the tests described in 6.2 and a minimum of once per year; routine control of product quality shall be on a basis of checks, of a type and a frequency to be defined and documented, to ensure that properties do not change significantly from those subject to
type testing. The tests for consistency at intermediate and elevated service temperatures, and for durability, shall be carried out on a representative sample of product for supply to customers. Where batch production is carried out, the sample should be taken from the batch, which is considered as the quantity of bitumen produced and stored in one tank once the production run into tank has been completed. The batch is considered to remain the same as long as no new production has been added. In case of loading through an in-line blender, the routine quality control may be carried out on the feeder tanks and a procedure for checking the performance of the blender shall be in place. The appropriate testing frequencies vary with individual supply facilities, throughput and processes. Minimum frequencies shall be: a) consistency at intermediate service temperature: daily; if product is supplied directly from a tank that has not received new production then the minimum test frequency may be extended to a batch; b) consistency at elevated service temperatures: monthly; c) durability, brittleness at low service temperature, temperature dependence of consistency: annually. 6.3.5 Traceability and marking Individual product batches shall be identifiable and traceable with regard to their production origin. The manufacturer shall have written procedures ensuring that processes related to affixing traceability information and/or markings are inspected regularly. Compliance with EN ISO 9001:2000, sub-clause 7.5.3 shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this sub-clause. 6.3.6 Non-conforming products The manufacturer shall have written procedures which specify how non-conforming products shall be dealt with. Any such events shall be recorded as they occur and these records shall be kept for the period defined SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 16 in the manufacturer's written procedures. Compliance with EN ISO 9001:2000, sub-clause 8.3 shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this sub-clause. 6.3.7 Corrective action The manufacturer shall have documented procedures that instigate action to eliminate the cause of non-conformities in order to prevent recurrence. Compliance with EN ISO 9001:2000, sub-clause 8.5.2 shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this sub-clause. 6.3.8 Handling, storage and packaging The manufacturer shall have procedures providing methods of product handling and shall provide suitable storage areas preventing damage or deterioration.
SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 17 Annex A (normative)
Calculation of the penetration index, Ip A.1 Scope This Annex specifies the procedure to be used for calculating the penetration index, Ip, of paving grade bitumens when required, e.g. in relation to the specification for resistance to hardening given in Table 1A for grades between 20/30 and 160/220. A.2 Definition For the purposes of this Annex, the following definition applies: A.2.1
penetration index, Ip indication of the thermal susceptibility of a bituminous binder A.3 Principle The penetration index, Ip is calculated from the values of penetration at 25 °C, 100 g, 5 s, determined in accordance with EN 1426, and the softening point, determined in accordance with EN 1427. NOTE 1 It is based on the following hypothesis of Pfeiffer and Van Doormael: a) At the temperature of the softening point, the penetration of a bitumen is (800 × 0,1) mm. b) When the logarithm (base 10) of penetration is plotted against temperature, a straight line is obtained, the slope A of which is defined by: 501)(10)(20App×+−=II
(A.1) NOTE 2 A penetration index of zero is attributed to a bitumen with a penetration at 25 °C of 200 × 0,1 mm and a softening point of 40 °C. A.4
Determination Calculate the Ip from the following equation: 120 lg501952 lg50020RaBRaBp+×−−×+×=PtPtI (A.2) where: tRaB
is the softening point, in degrees Celsius; SIST EN 12591:2009
EN 12591:2009 (E) 18 lg P is the logarithm (base 10) of the penetration at 25 °C (in 0,1 mm) A.5 Expression of results Report the penetration index as the value, calculated according to A.4, rounded to the nearest 0,1 of a unit. A.6 Precision A.6.1 Repeatability The difference between two successive test results, obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test material would exceed 0,3 in only one case in twenty. A.6.2 Reproducibility The difference between two single and independent results obtained by different operators working in different laboratories on identical test material would e
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