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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
01-oktober-2009
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Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 12: Mechanical cone
penetration test (CPT) (ISO 22476-12:2009)
Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung - Felduntersuchungen - Teil 12:
Mechanische Drucksondierung (ISO 22476-12:2009)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place - Partie 12: Essai de
pénétration statique au cône a pointe mécanique (ISO 22476-12:2009)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ICS:
93.020 Zemeljska dela. Izkopavanja. Earthworks. Excavations.
Gradnja temeljev. Dela pod Foundation construction.
zemljo Underground works
SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 22476-12
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2009
ICS 93.020
English Version
Geotechnical investigation and testing - Field testing - Part 12:
Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM) (ISO 22476-12:2009)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques - Essais en place Geotechnische Erkundung und Untersuchung -
- Partie 12: Essai de pénétration statique au cône à pointe Felduntersuchungen - Teil 12: Drucksondierungen mit
mécanique (ISO 22476-12:2009) mechanischen Messwertaufnehmern (ISO 22476-12:2009)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 April 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22476-12:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
EN ISO 22476-12:2009 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
EN ISO 22476-12:2009 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 22476-12:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 341
“Geotechnical Investigation and Testing” the secretariat of which is held by ELOT, in collaboration with
Technical Committee ISO/TC 182 "Geotechnics".
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
3
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22476-12
First edition
2009-05-15
Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Field testing —
Part 12:
Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)
Reconnaissance et essais géotechniques — Essais en place —
Partie 12: Essai de pénétration statique au cône à pointe mécanique
Reference number
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
©
ISO 2009
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
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© ISO 2009
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms. 2
3.1 Terms and definitions. 2
3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 6
4 Equipment . 6
4.1 Cone penetrometer load sensors. 6
4.2 Tolerances . 6
4.3 Surface roughness . 7
4.4 Cone penetrometer. 7
4.5 Cone . 8
4.6 Friction sleeve. 9
4.7 Push rods . 11
4.8 Inner rods . 11
4.9 Measuring system. 11
4.10 Thrust machine . 12
5 Test procedures . 12
5.1 Selection of type of cone penetrometer test. 12
5.2 Selection of equipment and procedures . 13
5.3 Position and level of thrust machine. 15
5.4 Preparation . 15
5.5 Pushing of the cone penetrometer . 15
5.6 Use of friction reducer. 15
5.7 Frequency of logging parameters. 15
5.8 Measurement of cone penetration force for discontinuous penetration testing . 15
5.9 Measurement of cone penetration force for continuous testing . 16
5.10 Measurement of sleeve friction force for discontinuous testing with M2 cone
penetrometers . 16
5.11 Measurement of total penetration force for discontinuous testing. 16
5.12 Measurement of total penetration force for continuous testing (TM4) . 16
5.13 Measurement of the penetration length .16
5.14 Test completion . 16
5.15 Equipment checks and calibrations . 17
6 Test results. 17
6.1 Measured parameters. 17
6.2 Calculated parameters . 17
7 Reporting . 17
7.1 General. 17
7.2 Reporting of test results . 17
7.3 Presentation of test results . 20
Annex A (normative) Maintenance, checks and calibration . 21
Bibliography . 23
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22476-12 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 341, in collaboration with ISO Technical Committee TC 182, Geotechnics, Subcommittee SC 1,
Geotechnical investigation and testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between
ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
ISO 22476 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geotechnical investigation and testing —
Field testing:
⎯ Part 2: Dynamic probing
⎯ Part 3: Standard penetration test
⎯ Part 4: Ménard pressuremeter test
⎯ Part 5: Flexible dilatometer test
⎯ Part 7: Borehole jack test
⎯ Part 10: Weight sounding test [Technical Specification]
⎯ Part 11: Flat dilatometer test [Technical Specification]
⎯ Part 12: Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)
Electrical cone and piezocone penetration tests, self-boring pressuremeter test, full displacement
pressuremeter test, and field vane test are to form the subjects of future parts 1, 6, 8 and 9.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
Introduction
The mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM) consists of pushing a cone penetrometer, by means of a series
of push rods, into the soil at a constant rate of penetration. During penetration, measurements of cone
penetration resistance, total penetration resistance and/or sleeve friction can be recorded. The test results can
be used for interpretation of stratification, classification of soil type and evaluation of geotechnical parameters.
Cone resistance is the term used in practice; however, cone penetration resistance is a more accurate
description of the process, and is the term used in this part of ISO 22476.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
Geotechnical investigation and testing — Field testing —
Part 12:
Mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM)
1 Scope
This part of ISO 22476 specifies a mechanical cone penetration test (CPTM), including equipment
requirements, execution and reporting. The results from such geotechnical testing are especially suited to the
qualitative and/or quantitative determination of a soil profile — together with direct investigations — or as a
relative comparison with other in situ tests.
The results from a cone penetration test can in principle be used to evaluate stratification, soil type, and
geotechnical parameters such as soil density, shear-strength parameters and deformation and consolidation
characteristics.
This part of ISO 22476 specifies the following features:
⎯ type of cone penetration test (see Table 1);
⎯ application class (see Table 2);
⎯ penetration length or penetration depth;
⎯ elevation of the ground surface or underwater ground surface at the location of the cone penetration test
with reference to a datum;
⎯ location of the cone penetration test relative to a reproducible fixed location reference point.
NOTE The planning and evaluation of an investigation programme and the application of its results to design are
covered by EN 1997-1 and EN 1997-2.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8503 (all parts), Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products —
Surface roughness characteristics of blast-cleaned steel substrates
ISO 10012:2003, Measurement management systems — Requirements for measurement processes and
measuring equipment
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
average surface roughness
R
a
average deviation between the real surface of the probe and a medium reference plane placed along the
surface of the probe
3.1.2
cone
conically shaped bottom part of the cone penetrometer
NOTE When the penetrometer is pushed into the ground, the cone penetration resistance is transferred through the
cone by inner rods to the measuring device at ground level.
3.1.3
cone penetration test
CPT
pushing of a cone penetrometer at the end of a series of cylindrical push rods into the ground at a constant
rate of penetration
3.1.3.1
electrical CPT
CPTU
cone penetration test in which forces are measured electrically in the cone penetrometer
NOTE Electrical CPT and piezocone (CPTU) tests are to form the subject of a future part 1 of ISO 22476.
3.1.3.2
mechanical CPT
CPTM
CPT where forces are measured mechanically or electrically at ground level
3.1.4
cone penetrometer
assembly containing cone, friction sleeve (optional), connection to the push rods and measuring devices for
the determination of the cone penetration resistance and, if applicable, the total resistance and/or local side
friction
3.1.5
cone penetration resistance
cone resistance
resistance to the penetration of the cone
3.1.6
continuous penetration testing
test method in which cone penetration resistance is measured while cone and push rods are moving
continuously until stopped for the addition of a push rod
3.1.7
discontinuous penetration testing
test method in which cone penetration resistance and, optionally, sleeve friction are measured during a
penetration stop of the push rods
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
3.1.8
force acting on the friction sleeve
F
s
force that will be obtained by subtracting the measured force on the cone from the measured force on the
cone and friction sleeve
3.1.9
friction ratio
R
f
ratio of sleeve friction to cone penetration resistance measured at the same depth, expressed as a
percentage:
f
s
R=×100 %
f
q
c
NOTE In some cases the inverse of the friction ratio, called the friction index, is used.
3.1.10
friction reducer
local and symmetrical enlargement of the diameter of a push rod to reduce the friction along the push rods
3.1.11
friction sleeve
section of the cone penetrometer where sleeve friction is determined
3.1.12
inner rods
solid rods sliding inside the push rods and transferring the forces from the cone and, optionally, the friction
sleeve, to the measuring system
3.1.13
measured cone penetration resistance
q
c
division of the measured force , Q , on the cone by the cross-sectional area, A :
c c
Q
c
q =
c
A
c
NOTE The measured cone penetration resistance obtained from a mechanical CPT can differ from that obtained
from an electrical CPT.
3.1.14
measured sleeve friction
f
s
force , F , acting on the friction sleeve divided by the area of the sleeve, A :
s s
F
s
f =
s
A
s
NOTE The measured sleeve friction obtained from a mechanical CPT test can be different from the value obtained
from an electrical CPT test.
3.1.15
measured total penetration force
Q
t
force needed to push cone and rods together into the soil
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
3.1.16
measuring system
all sensors and auxiliary parts used to transfer and/or store the signals generated during the cone penetration
test
NOTE The force on the cone and, if applicable, the total penetration resistance and/or sleeve friction are measured
with manometers or with electrical load sensors.
3.1.17
penetration depth
z
depth of the base of the cone, relative to a fixed horizontal plane
See Figure 1.
NOTE 1 It is expressed in metres.
NOTE 2 With mechanical CPT, penetration depth cannot be determined, as there is no inclinometer measurement for
depth correction.
3.1.18
penetration length
l
sum of the lengths of the push rods and the cone penetrometer, reduced by the height of the conical part,
relative to a fixed horizontal plane
See Figure 1.
NOTE 1 It is expressed in metres.
NOTE 2 The fixed horizontal plane usually corresponds with a horizontal plane through the ground surface at the
location of the test.
3.1.19
push rod
part of a string of rods for the transfer of forces to the cone penetrometer
3.1.20
thrust machine
equipment that pushes the cone penetrometer and rods into the ground at a constant rate of penetration
NOTE The required reaction for the thrust machine can be supplied by dead weights and/or soil anchors.
3.1.21
total side friction force
Q
st
force needed to overcome the side friction on the push rods, when these are pushed into the ground
NOTE The total side friction force is obtained by subtracting the force on the cone (Q ) from the measured total
c
penetration force (Q ):
t
Q = Q − Q
st t c
3.1.22
zero drift
absolute difference between the zero readings of a measuring system at the start and after completion of a
cone penetration test
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
3.1.23
zero reading
stable output of a measuring system when there is zero load on the sensor, i.e. the parameter to be measured
has a value of zero, while any auxiliary power supply required to operate the measuring system is switched on
Key
z penetration depth, m
l penetration length, m
a
Fixed horizontal plane.
b
Base of the conical part of the cone.
Figure 1 — Penetration length and depth
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 5
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms
2
A cross-sectional projected area of cone mm
c
2
A cross-sectional area of friction sleeve mm
s
d diameter of cylindrical upper part of cone mm
c
d diameter of friction sleeve mm
2
F axially measured force on friction sleeve kN
s
f measured sleeve friction MPa
s
h height of conical part of cone mm
c
h length of cylindrical extension of cone mm
e
l penetration length m
l length of friction sleeve mm
s
M1, M2, M4 types of cone penetrometer —
Q axially measured force on cone kN
c
Q total side friction force kN
st
Q measured total penetration force kN
t
q measured cone penetration resistance MPa
c
R average surface roughness µm
a
R friction ratio %
f
TM1 … TM4 test methods 1 to 4 —
t time s
z penetration depth m
4 Equipment
4.1 Cone penetrometer load sensors
The cone penetrometer has no internal load sensors, as measurements are made at ground level. The axis of
all parts of the cone penetrometer shall be coincident.
4.2 Tolerances
The dimensional tolerances mentioned in this clause are operational tolerances. Manufacturing tolerances
should be stricter.
The tolerance on surface roughness is a manufacturing tolerance.
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
4.3 Surface roughness
The surface roughness refers to average roughness, R , determined by a surface profile comparator
a
according to ISO 8503 and/or equivalent standard. The intention of the surface roughness requirement is to
prevent the use of an “unusually smooth” or “unusually rough” friction sleeve. Steel, including hardened steel,
is subject to wear in soil (in particular sands) and the friction sleeve develops its own roughness with use. It is
therefore important that the roughness at manufacture approach the roughness acquired upon use. It is
believed that the surface roughness requirement will in practice usually be met for common types of steel
used for penetrometer manufacture and for common ground conditions (sand and clay).
4.4 Cone penetrometer
According to their geometry, three types of cone penetrometer are considered:
⎯ M1 (mantle), used for measuring cone penetration resistance;
⎯ M2 (friction sleeve mantle), used for measuring cone penetration resistance and local side friction;
⎯ M4 (simple cone), used for measuring cone penetration resistance.
NOTE The M3 cone penetrometer is a type no longer used in practice and it is therefore not addressed by this part of
ISO 22476. For continuity purposes, the relevant cone penetrometer types have not been renamed.
Other types of penetrometer, not considered in this part of ISO 22476, may be used, but if so, shall be
mentioned in the test results, together with the type's specifications.
The geometry of the relevant penetrometers is shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. The push-out positions for M1
and M4 cone penetrometers are indicated in Figures 2 and 4 by “Q ”, while the M2 cone penetrometer shown
c
in Figure 3 has two push-out positions, indicated as “Q ” and “Q + Q ”.
c c st
For a cone penetrometer with a friction sleeve, no part of the cone penetrometer shall project beyond the
sleeve diameter. The cross-sectional area of the top end of the friction sleeve shall not be smaller than the
cross-sectional area of the lower end.
The moving parts of the cone penetrometer (mantle, friction sleeve) shall be clean and lubricated in order to
enable free movement before testing.
© ISO 2009 – All rights reserved 7
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
Figure 2 — Figure 3 — Figure 4 —
M1 cone penetrometer M2 cone penetrometer M4 cone penetrometer
(mantle) (friction sleeve mantle) (simple cone)
4.5 Cone
The cones of M1 and M2 cone penetrometers consist of a conical part with a shoulder and an inward-tapered
cylindrical extension. The cone of an M4 penetrometer consists of a conical part with a shoulder, which is
directly connected to the inner rods, without a cylindrical extension.
The cone shall have a nominal apex angle of 60°.
Cones with an angle between 60° and 90° are permitted for soil profiling if reported in the test report.
Interpretation of test results in terms of engineering parameters can only be performed if specific correlations
for this type of cone have been established.
2
The cross-sectional area of standard cones shall be 1 000 mm , which corresponds to a diameter of 35,7 mm.
8 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 22476-12:2009
ISO 22476-12:2009(E)
The outer diameter of the shoulder shall be within the tolerance requirement shown in Figure 5:
35,3 mm u d u 36,0 mm
c
The length of the shoulder shall be within the following tolerance requirement:
2,0 mm u h u 5,0 mm
e
The height of the conical section shall be within the following tolerance requirement:
24,0 mm u h u 31,2 mm
c
The surface of the cone shall be smooth.
The cone should be manufactured to a surface roughness, R , of less than 5 µm.
a
The cone shall not b
...