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International
Standard
ISO 27548
First edition
Additive manufacturing of
2024-07
plastics — Environment, health,
and safety — Test method for
determination of particle and
chemical emission rates from
desktop material extrusion 3D
printer
Fabrication additive de plastiques — Environnement, santé
et sécurité — Méthode d'essai pour la détermination des
taux d'émission de particules et de produits chimiques des
imprimantes 3D de bureau par extrusion de matériau
Reference number
© ISO 2024
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 4
4.1 Abbreviated terms .4
4.2 Symbols .4
5 Method overview . 5
6 Requirements of the instrument for measurement . 5
6.1 General .5
6.1.1 Emission test chamber (ETC) .5
6.1.2 Instruments for chemical analyses .5
6.1.3 Aerosol instruments .6
6.2 General requirements of desktop MEX-TRB/P machine and test specimen .6
6.2.1 Desktop MEX-TRB/P machine .6
6.2.2 Filament.6
6.2.3 Test specimen .7
7 ETC conditions and test procedures . 7
7.1 ETC general conditions .7
7.2 ETC background concentration .8
7.3 Preparation of ETC and desktop 3D printer .8
7.4 Pre-extruding phase . .9
7.5 Extruding phase .9
7.6 Post-extruding phase .9
7.7 Sampling for particles and chemical substances .9
7.7.1 Particles .9
7.7.2 Chemical substances .9
7.8 Measurement process .10
8 Calculation of emission rate .11
8.1 Calculation of emission rate of particles .11
8.2 Calculation of volatile organic compounds emission rate . 13
9 Test report . 14
9.1 Data on test condition and method .14
9.2 Data on filament and desktop 3D printer . 15
9.3 Description on standard test specimen .16
9.4 Information about test laboratory .16
9.5 Results . .16
Annex A (normative) Standard operating condition of a desktop 3D printer . 17
Annex B (normative) Test specimen .18
Annex C (informative) Examples of the particle and chemical emission rates .22
Bibliography .25
iii
Foreword
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manufacturing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna
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iv
Introduction
Academic communities have been releasing several papers warning that a significant number of particles
and chemical substances emitted from material extrusion (MEX) AM processes commonly used in schools,
private homes and similar non-industrial environments would be hazardous to humans when inhaled and
absorbed into the human body.
However, currently, there is no well-known test method to measure particle and chemical substances emitted
from desktop MEX-TRB/P machines, commonly called "3D printers" installed in the office environment,
classroom, and residential space.
Therefore, the goal of this document is to provide test procedures in line with specific operating conditions
for measuring particle and chemical emission rates emitted from desktop MEXTRB/P machine, also known
as a 3D printer which is widely used in the national marketplace.
Manufacturers of desktop MEX-TRB/P machines, also known as 3D printers, will be able to take advantage
of this document to develop and improve their products by minimizing particle and chemical emission rates,
and the end-users also would purchase more safe and improved machines from the market.
v
International Standard ISO 27548:2024(en)
Additive manufacturing of plastics — Environment, health,
and safety — Test method for determination of particle and
chemical emission rates from desktop material extrusion
3D printer
1 Scope
This document specifies test methods to determine particle emissions (including ultrafine particles) and
specified volatile organic compounds (including aldehydes) from desktop MEX-TRB/P processes often used
in non-industrial environments such as school, homes and office spaces in an emission test chamber under
specified test conditions. However, these tests do not necessarily accurately predict real-world results.
This document specifies a conditioning method using an emission test chamber with controlled temperature,
humidity, air exchange rate, air velocity, and procedures for monitoring, storage, analysis, calculation, and
reporting of emission rates.
This document is intended to cover desktop MEX-TRB/P machine which is typically sized for placement on
a desktop, used in non-industrial places like school, home and office space. The primary purpose of this
document is to quantify particle and chemical
...