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Technical
Report
ISO/IEC TR 23002-9
First edition
Information technology — MPEG
2024-07
video technologies —
Part 9:
Film grain synthesis technology for
video applications
Technologies de l'information — Technologies vidéo MPEG —
Partie 9: Technologie de la synthèse du grain de film pour les
applications vidéo
Reference number
ISO/IEC TR 23002-9:2024(en) © ISO/IEC 2024
ISO/IEC TR 23002-9:2024(en)
© ISO/IEC 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
ii
ISO/IEC TR 23002-9:2024(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
5 Conventions . 2
5.1 General .2
5.2 Arithmetic operators .2
5.3 Bit-wise operators .3
5.4 Assignment operators .3
5.5 Relational, logical and other operators .3
5.6 Range notation .4
5.7 Mathematical functions .4
5.8 Order of operations .4
6 Overview of film grain technologies . 5
6.1 General .5
6.2 Film grain technical characteristics .5
6.3 Film grain modelling .7
6.4 Film grain use cases and applications .8
6.5 Film grain workflow .8
7 Film grain synthesis . 10
7.1 General .10
7.2 General description of film grain synthesis .10
7.2.1 General .10
7.2.2 Grain pattern template generation .11
7.2.3 Randomization . 12
7.2.4 Local adaptation . 15
7.2.5 Deblocking .17
7.2.6 Blending.17
7.3 Examples of film grain synthesis using the frequency filtering model .17
7.3.1 SMPTE RDD 5 .17
7.3.2 Variants based on SMPTE RDD 5 .19
7.4 Examples of film grain synthesis using the autoregressive model . 20
7.4.1 FGC SEI message based autoregressive model . 20
7.4.2 AFGS1 model .21
7.5 Example of film grain synthesis supporting both the frequency filtering and
autoregressive models .24
7.5.1 General .24
7.5.2 Film grain template generation.24
7.5.3 Randomization .24
7.5.4 Local adaptation .24
7.5.5 Deblocking . 25
7.5.6 Blending. 25
8 Film grain analysis .25
8.1 General . 25
8.2 Denoising and image analysis . 26
8.2.1 Denoising . 26
8.2.2 Edge and texture analysis . 26
8.3 Determination of grain scaling function .27
8.3.1 General .27
8.3.2 An example of FGC SEI message scaling factor estimation .27
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC TR 23002-9:2024(en)
8.3.3 An example of AFGS1 scaling factor estimation.31
8.4 Determination of cut-off frequencies for frequency filtering model .31
8.4.1 General .31
8.4.2 An example of FGC SEI message cut-off frequency estimation .32
8.5 Determination of autoregressive model coefficients . 33
9 Film grain metadata .33
9.1 General . 33
9.2 Film grain characteristics SEI message . 34
9.2.1 General . 34
9.2.2 Interpretation of FGC SEI message syntax . 34
9.3 AFGS1 metadata . 36
9.3.1 General . 36
9.3.2 Interpretation of AFGS1 metadata syntax . 36
Annex A (informative) Example implementations of the derivation of x/y offset.39
Annex B (informative) Example implementations of film grain synthesis technologies . 41
Bibliography . 47
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
iv
ISO/IEC TR 23002-9:2024(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC pa
...