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IS0
I N T ERN AT I O N A L ORGANIZATION FOR STAND AR D IZ AT1 O N
IS0 RECOMMENDATION
R 400
TENSILE TESTING OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS
1st EDITION
November 1964
COPYkIGHT RESERVED
The copyright of ISQ Recommendations and IS0 Standards
belongs to IS0 Mbmber Bodies. Reproduction of these
documents, in any t$untry, may be authorized therefore only
that country, being
national standard of that country.
Printed in Switzerland
Also issued in French and Russian. Copies to be obtained through the national standards organizations.
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BRIEF HISTORY
The IS0 Recommendation R 400, Tensile Tzsting of Copper and Copper Alloys, was
drawn up by Technical Committee ISO/TC 26, Copper and Copper Alloys, the Secretariat
of which is held by the Deutscher Normenausschuss (DNA).
Work on this question by the Technical Committee began in 1958 and led, in 1961,
to the adoption of a Draft IS0 Recommendation.
In February 1962, this Draft IS0 Recommendation (No. 498) was circulated to all the
IS0 Member Bodies for enquiry. It was approved by the following Member Bodies:
Australia India Spain
Bulgaria Italy Sweden
Burma Japan Switzerland
Canada Netherlands Turkey
Denmark Poland United Kingdom
Finland Portugal U.S.S.R.
Germany Republic of South Yugoslavia
Africa
Three Member Bodies opposed the approval of the Draft:
Belgium
France
U.S.A.
The Draft IS0 Recommendation was then submitted by correspondence to the IS0
Council, which decided, in November 1964, to accept it as an IS0 RECOMMENDATION.
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E
IS0 / R 400 - 1964 (E)
IS0 Recommendation R 400 N ovem ber 1 964
TENSILE TESTING OF COPPER AND COPPER ALLOYS
1. SCOPE
This IS0 Recommendation applies to the tensile testing of wrought and cast products of copper
and copper alloys of diameter not less than 5 mm (0.2 in) or thicknesses not less than 2.5 nim
(O. 1 in). For the tensile testing of certain products of smaller dimensions and for tubes, other IS0
Recommendations are applicable.
2. PRINCIPLE OF TEST
The test consists in subjecting a test piece to increasing tensile stress, generally to fracture, with a
view to determining one or more of the mechanical properties enumerated hereafter. The test is
carried out at ambient temperature, unless otherwise specified.
3. DEFINITIONS
3.1 Gauge length. At any moment during the test, the length of the cylindrical or prismatic
portion of the test piece on which an increase in length is measured. In particular, a distinc-
tion should be made between the following:
(a) the original gauge length (Lo). Gauge length before the test piece is strained, and
(b) the gauge length after fracture (Lu). Gauge length after the test piece has been frac-
tured and the fractured parts have been carefully fitted together so that they lie in a
straight line.
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IS0 / R 400 - 1964 (E)
3.2 Stress (actually “ nominal stress ”). At any moment during the test, load divided by the
original cross-sectional area of the test piece.
3.3 Percentage permanent elongation. Increase in the gauge length of a test piece subjected to a
stress after removal of that stress, expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length.
3.4 Stress at speciJed permanent set (Rr). Stress at which, after removal of load, the specified
percentage permanent elongation occurs. (See Fig. 4(a)).
3.4.1 The symbol used for this etress is supplemented by an index giving the specified per-
centage elongation.
3.5 Proof stress (Rp) *. Stress at which the specified percentage non-proportional elongation
occurs. (See Fig. (4b)).
3.5.1 The symbol used for this stress is supplemented by an index giving the specified per-
4
centage elongation.
3.6 Maximum load (Fm). The highest load which the test piece withstands during the test.
3.7 Final load (Fu). Load imposed on the test piece at the moment of fracture.
3.8 Tensile strength (Rm). Maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area of the test
piece, i.e. stress corresponding to the maximum load.
3.9 Percentage elongation after .fracture (A). Permanent elongation of the gauge length after
fracture Lu - Lo, expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length L,.
3.10 Percentage reduction of area after ,fracture (Z). Maximum change in cross-sectional area
after fracture, So - Su, expressed as a percentage of the original cross-sectional area So.
3.11 Percentage elongation factor at point of’ constriction (Z,,). Maximum change in cross-
sectional area after fracture, &-Su, expressed as a percentage of the minimum cross-
sectional area after fracture Su.
* In the United States of America and Canada this stress is called “ yield strength (offset) ” in contrast to the stress called
“yield strength ” which corresponds to a specified total elongation (usually 0.5 per cent) with the test piece under tension.
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IS0 / R 400 - 1964 (E)
E
4. SYMBOLS AND DESIGNATIONS
Designation
Number Symbol
Diameter of the circular section of the gauge length of the
test piece, or, with other test sections, the diameter of the
minimum circumscribing circle*
Thickness cf a flat test piece
Width of a flat test piece
3
4 Original gauge length
Parallel length
5
Total length
614
Gripped ends
7/-
Original cross-sectional area of the gauge length
Gauge length after fracture
Minimum cross-sectional area of the gauge length after fracture
Maximum load
Tensile strength
Final load, i.e. load at moment of fracture
Permanent elongation after fracture
14 LÜLO
Percentage elongation after fracture
15 1 A
I
Lu - Lo
- x 100
LO
16 z Percentage reduction of area after fracture
17 Percentage elongation factor at point of constriction
ZU
Stress at specified permanent set
Specified permanent set
Proof stress
Specified non-proportional elongation
* The minimum circumscribing circle is the smallest circle which completely circumscribes the whole periphery of the
cross-section, but it need not pass through more than two points.
** In current correspondence and where no misunderstanding is possible, the symbols Lo and Rm may be replaced by
L and R respectively.
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lSO/ R 400- 1964 (E)
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œ
Fro. I
FIG. 2
Note: The form of end of test piece as shown is intended only as a guide.
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IS0 / R 400 - 1964 (E)
5. TEST PIECES
5.1 The cross-section of the test piece may be circular, square, rectangular, hexagonal or, in
special cases, of other form. For test pieces of rectangular section, it is recommended that a
ratio of 4 : 1 for sides should not be exceeded.
5.1.1 There should be a transition radius between the gripped ends and the parallel length of
a machined test piece; the gripped ends may be of any shape to suit the holders of the
testing machine. Sections, bars, and test pieces cast to shape, etc. may be tested without
being machined.
5.2 In general the diameter of machined cylindrical test pieces is not less than 6.0 mm (0.24 in).
5.2.1 Care should be taken during machining to avoid overheating or excessive work harden-
ing the test piece surface.
NOTE
If it is necessary to machine test pieces of smaller diameter, special precautions should be taken to avoid
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deformation of the test piece.
5.2.2 The sides and edges of flat test pieces should be smooth.
5.3 The parall
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