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IS0
I N T E R N AT1 O N AL O R GAN I ZATl O N FO R S TA N DAR D I ZATl O N
IS0 RECOM M EN DATION
R 540
DETERMINATION OF FUSIBILITY OF FUEL ASH
1st EDITION
January 1967
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The copyright of IS0 Recommendations and IS0 Standards
belongs to IS0 Member Bodies. Reproduction of these
documents, in any country, may be authorized therefore only
by the national standards organization of that country, being
of ISO.
a member
For each individual country the only valid standard is the national standard of that country.
Printed in Switzerland
Also issued in French and Russian. Copies to be obtained through the national standards organizations.
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UDC 662.6/.7 : 620.1 Rçf. No. : ISO/K 540-1967/AI -1971 (I)
Amendment 1 - November 1971 - to IS0 Recommendation R 540-1967
Amendment 1
to IS0 Recommendation R 540-1967
DETERMINATION OF FUSIBILITY OF FUEL ASH
Section 3, TEST CONDITIONS, clause 3.2
Delete the 6th and 7th lines.
BRIEF HISTORY
Amendment 1 to IS0 Recommendation R 540- 1967, Detcrminution oj'jÙsibi1it.v offuel ash, was drawn up by
Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral jÙels, the Secretariat of which is held by the British Standards
Institution (BSI).
Draft IS0 Recommendation No. 1933 was drawn up on this subject, and was circulated to all the IS0 Member
Bodies for enquiry in April 1970. It was approved, subject to a few modifications of an editorial nature, by the
\
following Member Bodies :
Australia Iran
Switzerland
Belgium Italy Thailand
Chile Korea, Rep. of Turkey
Czechoslovakia Netherlands U.A.R.
Denmark New Zealand United Kingdom
France
Poland U.S.A.
Germany
Portugal U.S.S.K.
Greece
South Africa, Rep. of Yugoslavia
India Sweden
The following Member Body opposed the approval of the Draft :
Canada
This Draft IS0 Recommendation was then submitted by correspondence to the IS0 Council, which decided to
accept it as AMENDMENT I to IS0 Recommendation U 540-1967.
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BRIEF HISTORY
The IS0 Recommendation R 540, Determination of Fusibility of Fuel Ash, was drawn up
by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid Mineral Fuels, the Secretariat of which is held by the
British Standards Institution (BSI).
Work on this question by the Technical Committee began in 1951 and led, in 1961, to the
adoption of a Draft IS0 Recommendation.
In June 1963, this Draft IS0 Recommendation (No.573) was circulated to all the IS0
Member Bodies for enquiry. It was approved, subject to a few modifications of an editorial
nature, by the following Member Bodies :
Argentina Iran Spain
Australia Italy Sweden
Austria Japan Switzerland
Canada Netherlands Turkey
Chile New Zealand United Kingdom
Czechoslovakia Poland U.S.S.R.
Denmark Portugal Yugoslavia
France Republic
Germany of South Africa
Romania
India
One Member Body opposed the approval of the Draft:
Belgium.
The Draft IS0 Recommendation was then submitted by correspondence to the IS0
Council, which decided, in January 1967, to accept it as an IS0 RECOMMENDATION.
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ISOIR 510 - 1967 (E)
E
IS0 Recommendation R 540 January 1967
DETERMINATION OF FUSIBILITY OF FUEL ASH
1. SCOPE
This IS0 Recommendation describes the method of determining the characteristic fusion temper-
atures of ash from hard coal, brown coal and lignites, and coke.
2. PRINCIPLE
A test piece made from the ash is heated under standard conditions and continuously observed.
The temperatures at which characteristic changes of shape occur are recorded. The characteristic
temperatures are the following:
Deformation temperature (symbol A)
The temperature at which the first signs of rounding of the tip or edges of the test piece occur
(see Note 1 below).
Hemisphere temperature (symbol B)
The temperature at which the test piece forms approximately a hemisphere, i.e. when the
height becomes equal to half the base diameter as visually observed.
Flow teinperature (symbol C)
The temperature at which the ash is spread out over the supporting tile in a layer, the height
of which is one-third of the height of the test piece at the hemisphere temperature.
Although the determination is usually carried out in a reducing atmosphere, additional informa-
tion can sometimes be obtained by carrying out a further determination in an oxidizing atmosphere
(see Note 2 below).
NOTES
1. Shrinkage or distortion of the test piece should be ignored if the tip and edges of the test piece
remain sharp.
2. In general, the reducing atmospheres recommended give the lowest characteristic temperatures.
3. TEST CONDITIONS
3.1 Shape of test piece
The test piece should have sharp edges to facilitate observation and should not bend during
the determination.
The mass of the test piece should be such as to ensure equalization of temperature within the
test body. Hence too large dimensions should be avoided.
The following shapes are acceptable :
(a) Pyramid, the base of which is an equilateral triangle and the height between two and
three times the side of the base, but not exceeding 19 mm.
(b) Cube of side 3 to 7 mm.
(c) Right cylinder of height 3 to 9 mm and diameter 3 to 9 mm, the height being equal to the
diameter.
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ISOlR 540 - 1967 (E)
3.2 Test atmosphere
The reducing atmosphere (see Note 1 below) is conveniently obtained by introducing into
the furnace one of the following mixtures of gases at a minimum linear rate of flow past the
test piece of 40 cm/min, calculated at ambient temperature (see Note 2 below):
(a) 60 % carbon monoxide & 5 % with 40 % carbon dioxide f 5 %
1 v/v
(b) 50 % hydrogen & 5 % with 50 % carbon dioxide f 5 %
Other reducing atmospheres or methods of obtaining them may be used, provided that it
has been established that they give the same results.
An o
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