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IEC/IEEE 60214-2
Edition 2.0 2019-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
TAP-changers –
Part 2: Application guidelines
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IEC/IEEE 60214-2
Edition 2.0 2019-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
TAP-changers –
Part 2: Application guidelines
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 29.180 ISBN 978-2-8322-6722-6
– 2 – IEC/IEEE 60214-2:2019 © IEC/IEEE 2019
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 7
INTRODUCTION . 10
1 Scope . 11
2 Normative references . 11
2.1 IEC references . 11
2.2 IEEE references . 12
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 12
3.1 Terms and definitions . 12
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 13
4 Use of normative references . 13
5 Application of tap-changers for transformers and reactors . 14
5.1 General . 14
5.2 Typical circuits for regulation . 14
5.3 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with on-load tap-changers . 16
5.4 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with step-voltage regulator on-load
tap-changers . 17
5.5 Basic arrangements of tapped windings with de-energized tap-changers . 17
5.5.1 Bridging contact scheme for DETC . 17
5.5.2 Linear contact scheme for DETC . 18
5.5.3 WYE (star) contact scheme for DETC . 18
5.5.4 Most common basic arrangements for different combinations . 18
6 Types of tap-changers . 19
6.1 On-load tap-changers (OLTCs) . 19
6.1.1 General . 19
6.1.2 Principles of operation . 20
6.1.3 Physical layouts . 27
6.2 De-energized tap-changers (DETCs) . 32
6.2.1 General . 32
6.2.2 Types of DETC . 32
6.2.3 Location of DETC in the transformer tank or enclosure . 32
6.3 Tap-changer environment . 34
6.3.1 Liquid immersed tap-changers . 34
6.3.2 Dry-type tap-changers (OLTC and DETC) . 35
6.3.3 Gas-immersed tap-changers (SF -insulated tap-changers) . 36
6.4 Other types . 38
6.4.1 General . 38
6.4.2 Electronic tap-changers . 38
6.4.3 Step-voltage regulators . 38
6.4.4 Advance retard switch (ARS) . 38
6.4.5 OLTCs for distribution transformers . 39
7 On-load tap-changers . 39
7.1 General . 39
7.2 Selection of OLTCs . 39
7.2.1 Basic parameters . 39
7.2.2 Additional data. 45
7.3 Application of OLTCs . 45
7.3.1 General . 45
7.3.2 OLTCs for application in special transformers with non-sinusoidal
currents (HVDC, rectifier transformers, converter transformers, etc.) . 45
7.3.3 OLTCs for PSTs . 46
7.3.4 OLTCs for arc furnace transformers . 47
7.3.5 OLTCs for shunt reactors . 47
7.3.6 OLTCs for series reactors . 48
7.3.7 OLTCs for unit auxiliary transformers. 48
7.3.8 OLTCs for railway supply transformers . 48
7.3.9 Transformers and phases out-of-step condition . 48
7.4 Other important parameters for OLTCs . 49
7.4.1 Current wave shapes other than sinusoidal . 49
7.4.2 Operating pressure . 49
7.4.3 Operational life of breaking and making contacts . 50
7.4.4 Tap-changer mechanical life . 51
7.4.5 Motor-drive mechanism . 51
7.4.6 Pressure and vacuum test . 51
7.4.7 Temperature conditions . 52
7.4.8 Overloading conditions . 52
7.4.9 Continuous consecutive operations . 53
7.4.10 Preventive autotransformer circuit (reactor type tap-changer only) . 53
8 De-energized tap-changers. 54
8.1 General . 54
8.2 Selection of DETCs . 54
8.2.1 Currents . 54
8.2.2 Rated step voltage . 55
8.2.3 Insulation level . 55
8.2.4 Number of tap positions . 55
8.3 Application of DETCs . 55
8.3.1 General . 55
8.3.2 Frequencies . 55
8.3.3 Application involving non-sinusoidal currents (HVDCs, rectifier
transformers, converter transformers, etc.) . 56
8.3.4 DETCs for arc furnace transformers and other high load cycle
applications . 56
8.3.5 DETCs for peaking pulsing loads . 56
8.4 Other important parameters for DETCs . 56
8.4.1 Tap-changer mechanical life . 56
8.4.2 Motor-drive . 56
8.4.3 Paralleling de-energized tap-changers/current splitting . 56
9 Protective devices for OLTCs . 57
9.1 General . 57
9.2 Increase of pressure within diverter or selector switch liquid compartments . 58
9.2.1 General . 58
9.2.2 Liquid flow controlled relay . 58
9.2.3 Overpressure relay . 58
9.2.4 Sudden pressure relay . 59
9.2.5 Pressure relief device . 59
9.3 Increase of pressure within a diverter or selector switch in SF . 59
– 4 – IEC/IEEE 60214-2:2019 © IEC/IEEE 2019
9.3.1 General . 59
9.3.2 Pressure gauge (compound gauge) . 59
...