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TECHNICAL REPORT
5G;
Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz
(3GPP TR 38.901 version 15.0.0 Release 15)
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3GPP TR 38.901 version 15.0.0 Release 15 1 ETSI TR 138 901 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
Reference
RTR/TSGR-0138901vf00
Keywords
5G
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3GPP TR 38.901 version 15.0.0 Release 15 2 ETSI TR 138 901 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
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Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or
GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables.
The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under
.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI
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3GPP TR 38.901 version 15.0.0 Release 15 3 ETSI TR 138 901 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 2
Foreword . 2
Modal verbs terminology . 2
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols . 7
3.3 Abbreviations . 8
4 Introduction . 9
5 General . 10
6 Status/expectation of existing information on high frequencies . 10
6.1 Channel modelling works outside of 3GPP . 10
6.2 Scenarios of interest . 12
6.3 Channel measurement capabilities . 12
6.4 Modelling objectives . 13
7 Channel model(s) for 0.5-100 GHz . 14
7.1 Coordinate system . 14
7.1.1 Definition . 14
7.1.2 Local and global coordinate systems . 14
7.1.3 Transformation from a LCS to a GCS . 15
7.1.4 Transformation from an LCS to a GCS for downtilt angle only . 18
7.2 Scenarios . 19
7.3 Antenna modelling . 21
7.3.1 Antenna port mapping . 22
7.3.2 Polarized antenna modelling . 22
7.4 Pathloss, LOS probability and penetration modelling . 23
7.4.1 Pathloss . 23
7.4.2 LOS probability . 28
7.4.3 O2I penetration loss . 28
7.4.3.1 O2I building penetration loss . 28
7.4.3.2 O2I car penetration loss . 30
7.4.4 Autocorrelation of shadow fading . 30
7.5 Fast fading model . 30
7.6 Additional modelling components . 45
7.6.1 Oxygen absorption . 46
7.6.2 Large bandwidth and large antenna array . 46
7.6.2.1 Modelling of the propagation delay . 46
7.6.2.2 Modelling of intra-cluster angular and delay spreads . 47
7.6.3 Spatial consistency . 48
7.6.3.1 Spatial consistency procedure . 48
7.6.3.2 Spatially-consistent UT mobility modelling . 49
7.6.3.3 LOS/NLOS, indoor states and O2I parameters . 52
7.6.3.4 Applicability of spatial consistency . 53
7.6.4 Blockage . 55
7.6.4.1 Blockage model A . 55
7.6.4.2 Blockage model B . 57
7.6.5 Correlation modelling for multi-frequency simulations. 59
7.6.5.1 Alternative channel generation method . 60
7.6.6 Time-varying Doppler shift . 62
7.6.7 UT rotation. 62
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7.6.8 Explicit ground reflection model . 62
7.7 Channel models for link-level evaluations . 65
7.7.1 Clustered Delay Line (CDL) models . 65
7.7.2 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) models . 69
7.7.3 Scaling of delays . 72
7.7.4 Spatial filter for generating TDL channel model . 73
7.7.4.1 Exemplary filters/antenna patterns . 73
7.7.4.2 Generation procedure . 74
7.7.5 Extension for MIMO simulations . 74
7.7.5.1 CDL extension: Scaling of angles . 74
7.7.5.2 TDL extension: Applying a correlation matrix . 75
7.7.6 K-factor for LOS channel models . 75
7.8 Channel model calibration . 76
7.8.1 Large scale calibration . 76
7.8.2 Full calibration . 76
7.8.3 Calibration of additional features . 77
8 Map-based hybrid channel model (Alternative channel model methodology) . 80
8.1 Coordinate system . 80
8.2 Scenarios . 80
8.3 Antenna modelling . 80
8.4 Channel generation . 80
Annex A: Further parameter definitions . 91
A.1 Calculation of angular spread . 91
A.2 Calculation of mean angle . 91
Annex B: Change history . 92
History . 93
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3GPP TR 38.901 version 15.0.0 Release 15 5 ETSI TR 138 901 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
Foreword
rd
This Technical Report has been produced by the 3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal
TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an
identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows:
Version x.y.z
where:
x the first digit:
1 presented to TSG for information;
2 presented to TSG for approval;
3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control.
y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections,
updates, etc.
z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document.
ETSI
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3GPP TR 38.901 version 15.0.0 Release 15 6 ETSI TR 138 901 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
1 Scope
The present document captures the findings of the study item, "Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6
GHz" [2] and from further findings of the study item, "Study on New Radio Access Technology [22]." The channel
models in the present document address the frequency range 0.5-100 GHz. The purpose of this TR is to help TSG RAN
WG1 to properly model and evaluate the performance of physical layer techniques using the appropriate channel
model(s). Therefore, the TR will be kept up-to-date via CRs in the future.
This document relates to the 3GPP evaluation methodology and covers the modelling of the physical layer of both
Mobile Equipment and Access Network of 3GPP systems.
This document is intended to capture the channel model(s) for frequencies from 0.5GHz up to 100GHz.
2 References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present
document.
- References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or
non-specific.
- For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
- For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including
a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same
Release as the present document.
[1] 3GPP TR 21.905: "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications".
[2] 3GPP TD RP-151606: "Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6 GHz".
[3] 3GPP TR 36.873 (V12.2.0): "Study on 3D channel model for LTE".
[4] 3GPP RP-151847: "Report of RAN email discussion about >6GHz channel modelling", Samsung.
[5] 3GPP TD R1-163408: "Additional Considerations on Building Penetration Loss Modelling for 5G
System Performance Evaluation", Straight Path Communications.
[6] ICT-317669-METIS/D1.4: "METIS channel model, METIS 2020, Feb, 2015".
[7] Glassner, A S: "An introduction to ray tracing. Elsevier, 1989".
[8] McKown, J. W., Hamilton, R. L.: "Ray tracing as a design tool for radio networks, Network,
IEEE, 1991(6): 27-30".
[9] Kurner, T., Cichon, D. J., Wiesbeck, W.: "Concepts and results for 3D digital terrain-based wave
propagation models: An overview", IEEE J.Select. Areas Commun., vol. 11, pp. 1002–1012, 1993.
[10] Born, M., Wolf, E.: "Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and
diffraction of light", CUP Archive, 2000.
[11] Friis, H.: "A note on a simple transmission formula", proc. IRE, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 254–256, 1946.
[12] Kouyoumjian, R.G., Pathak, P.H.: "A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in a
perfectly conducting surface" Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, pp. 1448–1461, Nov. 1974.
[13] Pathak, P.H., Burnside, W., Marhefka, R.: "A Uniform GTD Analysis of the Diffraction of
Electromagnetic Waves by a Smooth Convex Surface", IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 631–642, 1980.
[14] IST-WINNER II Deliverable 1.1.2 v.1.2, "WINNER II Channel Models", IST-WINNER2, Tech.
Rep., 2007 (http://www.ist-winner.org/deliverables.html).
[15] 3GPP TR36.101: "User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception".
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3GPP TR 38.901 version 15.0.0 Release 15 7 ETSI TR 138 901 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
[16] 3GPP TR36.104: "Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception".
[17] Asplund, H., Medbo, J., Göransson, B., Karlsson, J., Sköld, J.: "A simplified approach to applying
the 3GPP spatial channel model", in Proc. of PIMRC 2006.
[18] ITU-R Rec. P.1816: "The prediction of the time and the spatial profile for broadband land mobile
services using UHF and SHF bands".
[19] ITU-R Rec. P.2040-1: "Effects of building materials and structures on radiowave propagation
above about 100 MHz", International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector
ITU-R, 07/2015.
[20] ITU-R Rec. P.527-3: "Electrical characteristics of the surface of the earth", International
Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector ITU-R, 03/1992.
[21] Jordan, E.C., Balmain, K.G.: "Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems", Prentice-Hall Inc.,
1968.
[22] 3GPP TD RP-162469: "Study on New Radio (NR) Access Technology".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in TR 21.905 [1] apply.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
A antenna radiation power pattern
A maximum attenuation
max
d 2D distance between Tx and Rx
2D
d 3D distance between Tx and Rx
3D
d antenna element spacing in horizontal direction
H
d antenna element spacing in vertical direction
V
f frequency
f center frequency / carrier frequency
c
ˆ
θ
F Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
rx,u, θ
ˆ
φ
F Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
rx,u, ϕ
ˆ
θ
F Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
tx,s, θ
ˆ
φ
Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
Frx,s, ϕ
h antenna height for BS
BS
hUT antenna height for UT
ˆ spherical unit vector of cluster n, ray m, for receiver
r
rx,n,m
spherical unit vector of cluster n, ray m, for transmitter
rˆ
tx,n,m
α bearing angle
β downtilt angle
γ slant angle
λ wavelength
κ cross-polarization power ratio in linear scale
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of arrival
lgASA
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of departure
lgASD
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of delay spread
lgDS
μlgZSA mean value of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of arrival
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μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of departure
lgZSD
Pr LOS probability
LOS
SLA side-lobe attenuation in vertical direction
V
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of arrival
lgASA
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of departure
lgASD
σ standard deviation value of 10-base logarithm of delay spread
lgDS
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of arrival
lgZSA
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of departure
lgZSD
σ standard deviation of SF
SF
azimuth angle
φ
θ zenith angle
ˆ
φ spherical basis vector (unit vector) for GCS
ˆ
φ′ spherical basis vector (unit vector) for LCS
φ horizontal 3 dB beamwidth of an antenna
3dB
ˆ
ˆ
spherical basis vector (unit vector), orthogonal to , for GCS
θ φ
ˆ
ˆ
′ ′
θ spherical basis vector (unit vector), orthogonal to φ , for LCS
θ electrical steering angle in vertical direction
etilt
θ vertical 3 dB beamwidth of an antenna
3dB
ψ Angular displacement between two pairs of unit vectors
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. An
abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in
TR 21.905 [1].
2D two-dimensional
3D three-dimensional
AOA Azimuth angle Of Arrival
AOD Azimuth angle Of Departure
AS Angular Spread
ASA Azimuth angle Spread of Arrival
ASD Azimuth angle Spread of Departure
BF Beamforming
BS Base Station
BP Breakpoint
BW Beamwidth
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CDL Clustered Delay Line
CRS Common Reference Signal
D2D Device-to-Device
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DS Delay Spread
GCS Global Coordinate System
IID Independent and identically distributed
InH Indoor Hotspot
IRR Infrared Reflecting
ISD Intersite Distance
K Ricean K factor
LCS Local Coordinate System
LOS Line Of Sight
MIMO Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output
MPC Multipath Component
NLOS Non-LOS
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O2I Outdoor-to-Indoor
O2O Outdoor-to-Outdoor
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
PAS Power angular spectrum
PL Path Loss
PRB Physical Resource Block
RCS Radar cross-section
RMa Rural Macro
RMS Root Mean Square
RSRP Reference Signal Received Power
Rx Receiver
SCM Spatial Channel Model
SINR Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio
SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio
SSCM Statistical Spatial Channel Model
SF Shadow Fading
SLA Sidelobe Attenuation
TDL Tapped Delay Line
TOA Time Of Arrival
TRP Transmission Reception Point
Tx Transmitter
UMa Urban Macro
UMi Urban Micro
UT User Terminal
UTD Uniform Theory of Diffraction
V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle
XPR Cross-Polarization Ratio
ZOA Zenith angle Of Arrival
ZOD Zenith angle Of Departure
ZSA Zenith angle Spread of Arrival
ZSD Zenith angle Spread of Departure
4 Introduction
At 3GPP TSG RAN #69 meeting the Study Item Description on "Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above
6 GHz" was approved [2]. This study item covers the identification of the status/expectation of existing information on
high frequencies (e.g. spectrum allocation, scenarios of interest, measurements, etc), and the channel model(s) for
frequencies up to 100 GHz. This technical report documents the channel model(s). The new channel model has to a
large degree been aligned with earlier channel models for <6 GHz such as the 3D SCM model (3GPP TR 36.873) or
IMT-Advanced (ITU-R M.2135). The new model supports comparisons across frequency bands over the range 0.5-100
GHz. The modelling methods defined in this technical report are generally applicable over the range 0.5-100 GHz,
unless explicitly mentioned otherwise in this technical report for specific modelling method, involved parameters and/or
scenario.
The channel model is applicable for link and system level simulations in the following conditions:
- For system level simulations, supported scenarios are urban microcell street canyon, urban macrocell, indoor
office, and rural macrocell.
- Bandwidth is supported up to 10% of the center frequency but no larger than 2GHz.
- Mobility of one end of the link is supported
- For the stochastic model, spatial consistency is supported by correlation of LSPs and SSPs as well as
LOS/NLOS state.
- Large array support is based on far field assumption and stationary channel over the size of the array.
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5 General
6 Status/expectation of existing information on high
frequencies
6.1 Channel modelling works outside of 3GPP
This subclause summarizes the channel modelling work outside of 3GPP based on the input from companies.
Groups and projects with channel models:
- METIS (Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society)
- MiWEBA (Millimetre-Wave Evolution for Backhaul and Access)
- ITU-R M
- COST2100
- IEEE 802.11
- NYU WIRELESS: interdisciplinary academic research center
- Fraunhofer HHI has developed the QuaDRiGa channel model, Matlab implementation is available at
http://quadriga-channel-model.de
Groups and projects which intend to develop channel models:
- 5G mmWave Channel Model Alliance: NIST initiated, North America based
- mmMAGIC (Millimetre-Wave Based Mobile Radio Access Network for
...