|
TECHNICAL REPORT
LTE;
5G;
Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6 GHz
(3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 1 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
Reference
RTR/TSGR-0138900vf00
Keywords
5G,LTE
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88
Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the
print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© ETSI 2018.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
TM TM
3GPP and LTE are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
oneM2M logo is protected for the benefit of its Members.
GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 2 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The present document may refer to technical specifications or reports using their 3GPP identities, UMTS identities or
GSM identities. These should be interpreted as being references to the corresponding ETSI deliverables.
The cross reference between GSM, UMTS, 3GPP and ETSI identities can be found under
.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 3 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 2
Foreword . 2
Modal verbs terminology . 2
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols . 7
3.3 Abbreviations . 8
4 Introduction . 9
5 General . 9
6 Status/Expectation of existing information on high frequencies . 9
6.1 Channel modelling works outside of 3GPP . 9
6.2 Scenarios of interest . 11
6.3 Channel measurement capabilities . 12
6.4 Modelling objectives . 13
7 Channel model(s) for >6GHz . 14
7.1 Coordinate system . 14
7.1.1 Definition . 14
7.1.2 Local and global coordinate systems . 15
7.1.3 Transformation from a LCS to a GCS . 15
7.1.4 Transformation from an LCS to a GCS for downtilt angle only . 18
7.2 Scenarios . 19
7.3 Antenna modelling . 22
7.4 Pathloss, LOS probability and penetration modelling . 23
7.4.1 Pathloss . 23
7.4.2 LOS probability . 27
7.4.3 O2I penetration loss . 28
7.4.4 Autocorrelation of shadow fading . 30
7.5 Fast fading model . 30
7.6 Additional modelling components . 45
7.6.1 Oxygen absorption . 46
7.6.2 Large bandwidth and large antenna array . 47
7.6.2.1 Modelling of the propagation delay . 47
7.6.2.2 Modelling of intra-cluster angular and delay spreads . 47
7.6.3 Spatial consistency . 48
7.6.3.1 Spatial consistency procedure . 48
7.6.3.2 Spatially-consistent UT mobility modelling . 49
7.6.3.3 LOS/NLOS, indoor states and O2I parameters . 51
7.6.4 Blockage . 52
7.6.4.1 Blockage model A . 53
7.6.4.2 Blockage model B . 55
7.6.5 Correlation modelling for multi-frequency simulations. 57
7.6.6 Time-varying Doppler shift . 58
7.6.7 UT rotation. 58
7.7 Channel models for link-level evaluations . 58
7.7.1 Clustered Delay Line (CDL) models . 58
7.7.2 Tapped Delay Line (TDL) models . 63
7.7.3 Scaling of delays . 66
7.7.4 Spatial filter for generating TDL channel model . 68
7.7.4.1 Exemplary filters/antenna patterns . 68
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 4 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
7.7.4.2 Generation procedure . 68
7.7.5 Extension for MIMO simulations . 69
7.7.5.1 CDL extension: Scaling of angles . 69
7.7.5.2 TDL extension: Applying a correlation matrix . 70
7.7.6 K-factor for LOS channel models . 70
7.8 Channel model calibration . 71
7.8.1 Large scale calibration . 71
7.8.2 Full calibration . 71
7.8.3 Calibration of additional features . 72
8 Map-based hybrid channel model (Alternative channel model methodology) . 75
8.1 Coordinate system . 75
8.2 Scenarios . 75
8.3 Antenna modelling . 75
8.4 Channel generation . 75
Annex A: Calculation of angular spread . 86
Annex B: Change history . 87
History . 88
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 5 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
Foreword
rd
This Technical Report has been produced by the 3 Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
The contents of the present document are subject to continuing work within the TSG and may change following formal
TSG approval. Should the TSG modify the contents of the present document, it will be re-released by the TSG with an
identifying change of release date and an increase in version number as follows:
Version x.y.z
where:
x the first digit:
1 presented to TSG for information;
2 presented to TSG for approval;
3 or greater indicates TSG approved document under change control.
y the second digit is incremented for all changes of substance, i.e. technical enhancements, corrections,
updates, etc.
z the third digit is incremented when editorial only changes have been incorporated in the document.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 6 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
1 Scope
The present document captures the findings of the study item, "Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6
GHz" [2]. The purpose of this TR is to help TSG RAN WG1 to properly model and evaluate the performance of
physical layer techniques using the above-6GHz channel model(s).
This document relates to the 3GPP evaluation methodology and covers the modelling of the physical layer of both
Mobile Equipment and Access Network of 3GPP systems.
This document is intended to capture the channel model(s) for frequencies above 6 GHz up to 100GHz.
The present document is no longer maintained. For 5G channel models in releases greater than release 14 refer to
38.901 [19].
2 References
The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present
document.
- References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or
non-specific.
- For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
- For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. In the case of a reference to a 3GPP document (including
a GSM document), a non-specific reference implicitly refers to the latest version of that document in the same
Release as the present document.
[1] 3GPP TR 21.905: "Vocabulary for 3GPP Specifications".
[2] 3GPP TD RP-151606: "Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above 6 GHz ".
[3] 3GPP TR 36.873 (V12.2.0): "Study on 3D channel model for LTE".
[4] 3GPP RP-151847: "Report of RAN email discussion about >6GHz channel modelling", Samsung
[5] 3GPP R1-163408: "Additional Considerations on Building Penetration Loss Modeling for 5G
System Performance Evaluation," Straight Path Communications
[6] METIS channel model, METIS 2020,ICT-317667-METIS/D1.4, Feb, 2015
[7] A S. Glassner, An introduction to ray tracing. Elsevier, 1989
[8] J. W. McKown, R. L. Hamilton. "Ray tracing as a design tool for radio networks," Network, IEEE,
1991(6): 27-30.
[9] T. Kurner, D. J. Cichon, W.Wiesbeck, "Concepts and results for 3D digital terrain-based wave
propagation models: An overview," IEEE J.Select. Areas Commun., vol. 11, pp. 1002–1012, 1993.
[10] M. Born, E. Wolf, Principles of optics: electromagnetic theory of propagation, interference and
diffraction of light. CUP Archive, 2000
[11] H. Friis, "A note on a simple transmission formula," proc. IRE, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 254–256, 1946
[12] R. G. Kouyoumjian and P. H. Pathak, "A uniform geometrical theory of diffraction for an edge in
a perfectly conducting surface," Proc. IEEE, vol. 62, pp. 1448–1461, Nov. 1974.
[13] P. Pathak, W. Burnside, and R. Marhefka, "A Uniform GTD Analysis of the Diffraction of
Electromagnetic Waves by a Smooth Convex Surface," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 631–642, 1980
[14] IST-WINNER II Deliverable 1.1.2 v.1.2, "WINNER II Channel Models", IST-WINNER2, Tech.
Rep., 2007 (http://www.ist-winner.org/deliverables.html).
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 7 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
[15] 3GPP TR36.101: "User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception"
[16] 3GPP TR36.104: "Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception"
[17] H. Asplund et al., "A simplified approach to applying the 3GPP spatial channel model", in Proc. of
PIMRC 2006
[18] ITU-R Rec. P.1816: "The prediction of the time and the spatial profile for broadband land mobile
services using UHF and SHF bands"
[19] 3GPP TR 38.901: "Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the terms and definitions given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. A
term defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same term, if any, in TR 21.905 [1].
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
d 2D distance between Tx and Rx
2D
d 3D distance between Tx and Rx
3D
f frequency
f center frequency / carrier frequency
c
ˆ
θ
F Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
rx,u, θ
ˆ
φ
F Receive antenna element u field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
rx,u, ϕ
ˆ
θ
F Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
tx,s, θ
ˆ
φ
F Transmit antenna element s field pattern in the direction of the spherical basis vector
rx,s, ϕ
h antenna height for BS
BS
h antenna height for UT
UT
rˆ spherical unit vector of cluster n, ray m, for receiver
rx,n,m
ˆ spherical unit vector of cluster n, ray m, for transmitter
r
tx,n,m
α bearing angle
β downtilt angle
γ slant angle
κ cross-polarization power ratio in linear scale
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of arrival
lgASA
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of departure
lgASD
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of delay spread
lgDS
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of arrival
lgZSA
μ mean value of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of departure
lgZSD
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of arrival
lgASA
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of azimuth angle spread of departure
lgASD
σ standard deviation value of 10-base logarithm of delay spread
lgDS
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of arrival
lgZSA
σ standard deviation of 10-base logarithm of zenith angle spread of departure
lgZSD
σ standard deviation of SF
SF
azimuth angle
φ
zenith angle
θ
ˆ
φ spherical basis vector (unit vector) for GCS
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 8 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
ˆ
φ′ spherical basis vector (unit vector) for LCS
φ horizontal 3 dB beamwidth of an antenna
3dB
ˆ ˆ
θ spherical basis vector (unit vector), orthogonal to φ , for GCS
ˆ ˆ
′ ′
θ spherical basis vector (unit vector), orthogonal to φ , for LCS
θ vertical 3 dB beamwidth of an antenna
3dB
ψ Angular displacement between two pairs of unit vectors
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in TR 21.905 [1] and the following apply. An
abbreviation defined in the present document takes precedence over the definition of the same abbreviation, if any, in
TR 21.905 [1].
2D two-dimensional
3D three-dimensional
AOA Azimuth angle Of Arrival
AOD Azimuth angle Of Departure
AS Angular Spread
ASA Azimuth angle Spread of Arrival
ASD Azimuth angle Spread of Departure
BF Beamforming
BS Base Station
BP Breakpoint
BW Beamwidth
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function
CDL Clustered Delay Line
CRS Common Reference Signal
D2D Device-to-Device
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DS Delay Spread
GCS Global Coordinate System
IID Independent and identically distributed
InH Indoor Hotspot
IRR Infrared Reflecting
ISD Intersite Distance
K Ricean K factor
LCS Local Coordinate System
LOS Line Of Sight
MIMO Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output
MPC Multipath Component
NLOS Non-LOS
O2I Outdoor-to-Indoor
O2O Outdoor-to-Outdoor
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing
PAS Power angular spectrum
PL Path Loss
PRB Physical Resource Block
RCS Radar cross-section
RMa Rural Macro
RMS Root Mean Square
RSRP Reference Signal Received Power
Rx Receiver
SCM Spatial Channel Model
SINR Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio
SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio
SSCM Statistical Spatial Channel Model
SF Shadow Fading
SLA Sidelobe Attenuation
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 9 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
TDL Tapped Delay Line
TOA Time Of Arrival
TRP Transmission Reception Point
Tx Transmitter
UMa Urban Macro
UMi Urban Micro
UT User Terminal
UTD Uniform Theory of Diffraction
V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle
XPR Cross-Polarization Ratio
ZOA Zenith angle Of Arrival
ZOD Zenith angle Of Departure
ZSA Zenith angle Spread of Arrival
ZSD Zenith angle Spread of Departure
4 Introduction
At 3GPP TSG RAN #69 meeting the Study Item Description on "Study on channel model for frequency spectrum above
6 GHz" was approved [2]. This study item covers the identification of the status/expectation of existing information on
high frequencies (e.g. spectrum allocation, scenarios of interest, measurements, etc), and the channel model(s) for
frequencies above 6 GHz up to 100 GHz. This technical report documents the channel model(s). The new channel
model is observed not always consistent with earlier channel models for <6 GHz such as the 3D SCM model (3GPP TR
36.873) or IMT-Advanced (ITU-R M.2135). Comparisons across frequency bands using different models are
discouraged.
The channel model is applicable for link and system level simulations in the following conditions:
- For system level simulations, supported scenarios are urban microcell street canyon, urban macrocell, indoor
office, and rural macrocell.
- Bandwidth is supported up to 10% of the center frequency but no larger than 2GHz.
- Mobility of one end of the link is supported
- For the stochastic model, spatial consistency is supported by correlation of LSPs and SSPs as well as
LOS/NLOS state.
- Large array support is based on far field assumption and stationary channel over the size of the array.
5 General
6 Status/Expectation of existing information on high
frequencies
6.1 Channel modelling works outside of 3GPP
This section summarized the Channel Modelling works outside of 3GPP based on the input from companies.
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 10 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
Groups and projects with channel models:
• METIS (Mobile and wireless communications Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information
Society)
• MiWEBA (MIllimetre-Wave Evolution for Backhaul and Access)
• ITU-R M
• COST2100
• IEEE 802.11
• NYU WIRELESS: interdisciplinary academic research center
• Fraunhofer HHI has developed the QuaDRiGa channel model, Matlab implementation is
available at http://quadriga-channel-model.de
Groups and projects which intend to develop channel models:
• 5G mmWave Channel Model Alliance: NIST initiated, North America based
• mmMAGIC (Millimetre-Wave Based Mobile Radio Access Network for Fifth Generation
Integrated Communications): Europe based
• IMT-2020 5G promotion association: China based
METIS Channel Models:
- Identified 5G requirements (e.g., wide frequency range, high bandwidth, massive MIMO, 3-D and accurate
polarization modelling)
- Performed channel measurements at various bands between 2GHz and 60 GHz
- Provided different channel model methodologies (map-based model, stochastic model or hybrid model). For
stochastic model, the proposed channel is focused on outdoor square, Indoor cafeteria and indoor shopping mall
scenarios.
MiWEBA Channel Models:
- Addressed various challenges: Shadowing, spatial consistency, environment dynamics, spherical wave
modelling, dual mobility Doppler model, ratio between diffuse and specular reflections, polarization
- Proposed Quasi-deterministic channel model
- Performed channel measurements at 60 GHz
- Focused on university campus, street canyon, hotel lobby, backhaul, and D2D scenarios.
ITU-R M Channel Models:
- Addressed the propagation loss and atmospheric loss on mmW
- Introduced enabling antenna array technology and semiconductor technology
- Proposed deployment scenarios, focused on dense urban environment for high data rate service: indoor shopping
mall, indoor enterprise, in home, urban hotspot in a square/street, mobility in city.
COST2100 and COST IC1004 Channel Models:
- Geometry-based stochastic channel model that reproduce the stochastic properties of MIMO channels over time,
frequency and space. It is a cluster-level model where the statistics of the large scale parameters are always
guaranteed in each series of channel instances.
NYU WIRELESS Channel Models:
- Conducted many urban propagation measurements on 28/38/60/73 GHz bands for both outdoor and indoor
channels, measurements are continuing.
- Proposed 3 areas for 5G mmWave channel modeling which are small modifications or extensions from 3GPP's
current below 6GHz channel models
- 1) LOS/NLOS/blockage modeling (a squared exponential term); 2). Wideband power delay profiles (time
clusters and spatial lobes for a simple extension to the existing 3GPP SSCM model); 3). Physics-based path loss
model (using the existing 3GPP path loss equations, but simply replacing the "floating" optimization parameter
ETSI
---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
3GPP TR 38.900 version 15.0.0 Release 15 11 ETSI TR 138 900 V15.0.0 (2018-07)
with a determ
...