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TECHNICAL REPORT
System Reference document (SRdoc);
Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band (UWB);
Technical characteristics and spectrum requirements for High-
Definition Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radars
(HD-GBSAR) operating in 1 GHz band
within 74 GHz to 81 GHz tuning range
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2 ETSI TR 103 594 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
Reference
DTR/ERM-580
Keywords
radio, SRDOC, UWB
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3 ETSI TR 103 594 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Executive summary . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Presentation of the HD-GBSAR system . 10
5 Market information. 11
6 Technical information . 11
6.1 Detailed technical description . 11
6.2 Technical parameters and implications on spectrum . 12
6.2.0 General . 12
6.2.1 Status of technical parameters . 13
6.2.1.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations . 13
6.2.1.2 Sharing and compatibility studies already available . 13
6.2.1.3 Sharing and compatibility issues still to be considered . 13
6.2.2 Transmitter parameters . 13
6.2.2.1 Transmitter Output Power / Radiated Power. 13
6.2.2.2 Antenna Characteristics . 14
6.2.2.3 Operating Frequency . 14
6.2.2.4 Bandwidth . 14
6.2.2.5 Unwanted emissions. 15
6.2.3 Receiver parameters . 15
6.2.4 Channel access parameters . 15
7 Radio spectrum request and justification . 15
8 Regulations . 16
8.1 Current regulations . 16
8.2 Proposed regulation and justification . 16
Annex A: Detailed use case examples and market information . 18
A.1 Use Case Examples . 18
A.1.1 Structural Health Monitoring . 18
A.1.2 Underground Mine and Tunnel Construction Monitoring . 19
A.1.3 Quarry, Cut-slope and Natural Landslide Monitoring . 20
A.2 Market Information . 22
A.2.0 General . 22
A.2.1 Structural Health Monitoring . 22
A.2.2 Underground Mine and Tunnel Construction Monitoring . 23
A.2.3 Quarry, Cut-slope and Landslide Monitoring . 25
A.3 System deployment and activity factor considerations . 26
Annex B: Technical information on HD-GBSAR signals and operation . 28
B.1 Technical Fundamentals . 28
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4 ETSI TR 103 594 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
B.2 Choice of the Frequency Range . 29
Annex C: Relationship to the existing spectrum regulation . 31
Annex D: Preliminary spectrum sharing feasibility analysis . 33
D.0 General . 33
D.1 Sharing feasibility with Space Research . 33
D.2 Sharing feasibility with Radiodetermination applications . 34
D.3 Fixed Service in 71-76 GHz band . 34
History . 38
ETSI
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5 ETSI TR 103 594 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document has been developed to support the co-operation between ETSI and the Electronic
Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications Administrations
(CEPT).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The present document describes the evolutionary motivation, market requirements, technical details and operational
scenarios of the next generation of the High Definition Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radars (HD-GBSAR). It
shows the use advantages vis-a-vis addressed technical challenges for this innovation from the previous state of the
traditional low resolution GBSAR technology which also had very large size and weight precluding its easy
transportation and re-location due to changing measurement circumstances.
HD-GBSAR (with 1 GHz bandwidth) would provide up to 5x improvement of resolution performance compared with
GBSAR (with 200 MHz bandwidth), while allowing to achieve 4x reduction of physical size of measurement
equipment. This will allow the early detection of displacement trends such as those occurring before a ground collapse,
in cases where GBSAR is not applicable.
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6 ETSI TR 103 594 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
However, the HD-GBSAR will remain a niche highly-specialized professional application to be used only by trained
professionals. Provided market forecasts show that based on extrapolation of GBSAR market trends it may be expected
that the total HD-GBSAR market demand would not exceed 500 units over 5 years for the entire European area.
Significant proportion of those units would be used in terrain shielded (quarries) and underground (mines and tunnels)
scenarios, meaning isolation of EM emissions within confined space of surveyed objects. This means that only small
fraction of total deployed HD-GBSAR units will be ever used in open environments where it could possibly impact
other radio spectrum users. Thus, it may be concluded that the sharing profile of HD-GBSAR equipment, i.e. its overall
deployment density, "visibility" to other radiocommunication systems and resulting possibility to create interference to
their operations, is and will remain very low.
The provided initial analysis of various deployment band options in the present document comes to conclusion that the
most promising band maybe 74-75 GHz. This is because the higher portions of the considered frequency range are
already designated for numerous other radiodetermination applications, most notably the Level Probing Radars in
75-85 GHz, Road Transport and Traffic Telematics in 76-77 GHz and Automotive Short Range Radars in 77-81 GHz.
But it should be noted that the preference for the band 74-75 GHz is not originating from HD-GBSAR vendors or
operators but is solely based on the results of the initial regulatory considerations and sharing feasibility analysis
presented in the present document in annexes C and D. In case subsequent analysis in CEPT of this proposal would not
confirm positive conclusion as regards feasibility of using the band 74-75 GHz, then any other 1 GHz wide portion of
the 74-81 GHz range would be equally suitable from the HD-GBSAR system design and operational perspectives.
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7 ETSI TR 103 594 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
1 Scope
The present document describes the High-Definition Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar (HD-GBSAR) system,
which may require a change of the present frequency designation/utilization within the EU and CEPT. A total of 1 GHz
bandwidth is required for operation of HD-GBSAR, which could be accommodated in the frequency range between
74 GHz and 81 GHz.
The provided description of HD-GBSAR includes in particular:
• Market information;
• Technical information including expected sharing and compatibility issues;
• Regulatory issues.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 102 522 (12-2006): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detecting Movement; Radio equipment operating in
the frequency range 17,1 GHz to 17,3 GHz; System Reference Document for Ground Based
Synthetic Aperture Radar (GBSAR)".
[i.2] CEPT ECC Recommendation ERC/REC 70-03: "Relating to the Use of Short Range Devices
(SRD)".
NOTE: Available at http://www.ecodocdb.dk/.
[i.3] ETSI EN 300 440-1 (08-2010): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Short range devices; Radio equipment to be used in the 1 GHz to 40 GHz frequency
range; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods".
[i.4] CEPT European Communications Office (ECO) Frequency Information System EFIS.
NOTE: Available at http://www.efis.dk/.
[i.5] CEPT ECC Recommendation ERC/REC 74-01: "Unwanted Emissions in the Spurious Domain".
NOTE: Available at http://www.ecodocdb.dk/.
[i.6] Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies, European Science Foundation.
NOTE: Available at www.craf.eu.
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8 ETSI TR 103 594 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
[i.7] Andrew Adams, KSL.com Utah News: "Massive landslide damages Kennecott's Bingham Canyon
Mine", April 11, 2013.
NOTE: Available at https://www.ksl.com/?nid=148&sid=24748916.
[i.8] ECC/DEC(04)03: "ECC Decision of 19 March 2004 on the frequency band 77-81 GHz to be
designated for the use of Automotive Short Range Radars".
NOTE: Available at http://www.ecodocdb.dk/.
[i.9] ECO Frequency Information System.
NOTE: Available at https://efis.dk/.
[i.10] ECC/DEC(11)02: "ECC Decision of 11 March 2011 on industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR)
operating in frequency bands 6 - 8.5 GHz, 24.05 - 26.5 GHz, 57 - 64 GHz and 75 - 85 GHz".
[i.11] ITU Recommendation SA.1344-1 (02/2009): "Preferred frequency bands and bandwidths for the
transmission of space VLBI data within existing space research service (SRS) allocations".
[i.12] ECC/REC/(05)07: "Radio frequency channel arrangements for Fixed Service Systems operating in
the bands 71-76 GHz and 81-86 GHz (2013)".
NOTE: Available at http://www.ecodocdb.dk/.
[i.13] ECC Report 173: "Fixed Service in Europe: Current Use and Trends past 2011 (2012)".
NOTE: Available at http://www.ecodocdb.dk/.
[i.14] ETSI EN 302 217-2 (V3.1.1) (05-2017): "Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements
for point-to-point equipment and antennas; Part 2: Digital systems operating in frequency bands
from 1 GHz to 86 GHz; Harmonised Standard covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of
Directive 2014/53/EU".
[i.15] ETSI EN 302 217-4: "V2Fixed Radio Systems; Characteristics and requirements for point-to-point
equipment and antennas; Part 4: Antennas".
[i.16] ERC Report 111: "Compatibility Studies between Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar
(GBSAR) and existing services in the range 17.1 GHz to 17.3 GHz".
NOTE: Available at http://www.ecodocdb.dk/.
[i.17] ERC Report 25: "The European Table of Frequency Allocations and Applications in the frequency
range 8.3 kHz to 3000 GHz".
NOTE: Available at http://www.ecodocdb.dk/.
[i.18] Recommendation ITU-R RA.314-10 (06/2003): "Preferred frequency bands for radio astronomical
measurements".
[i.19] Recommendation ITU-R RS.515-5 (08/2012): "Frequency bands and bandwidths used for satellite
passive remote sensing".
[i.20] Recommendation RS.577-7 (02/2009): "Frequency bands and required bandwidths used for
spaceborne active sensors operating in the Earth exploration-satellite (active) and space research
(active) services".
[i.21] Recommendation ITU-R RS.2064-0 (12/2014): "Typical technical and operating characteristics
and frequency bands used by space research service (passive) planetary observation systems".
[i.22] Recommendation ITU-R.M.2057 (02/2014): " M.2057: Systems characteristics of automotive
radars operating in the frequency band 76-81 GHz for intelligent transport systems applications".
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9 ETSI TR 103 594 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
GBSAR: Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radar is a Short Range Device application intended for safety critical
deformation monitoring of natural as well as man-made objects and structures
HD-GBSAR: High Definition evolutionary version of GBSAR which allows achieving up to 5x improvement of
resolution performance compared with GBSAR, while providing 4x reduction of device size
Target's Surface Point Illumination Time: time interval during which a given point on target surface is being
illuminated by the HD-GBSAR transmitting antenna, while it is rotating on the horizontal plane.
NOTE: The illumination time depends on the antenna horizontal half power beam width and the antenna
horizontal rotation speed.
3.2 Symbols
dBi antenna gain in decibels relative to isotropic radiator
dBm transmit power in decibels relative to mW
C/I carrier to interference ratio
Gbps Gigabits per second
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
BW BandWidth
CRAF Committee on Radio Astrnomy Frequencies
EFIS ECO's Frequency Information System
EIRP Effective Isotropically Radiated Power
ERC European Radio communication Commitee
FS Fixed Service
GNSS Global Navigational Satellirte System
IRAM Institut de Radioastronomie Millemetrique
LFMCW Linear Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
LOS Line Of Sight
MCL Minimum Coupling Loss
OSO Onsala Space Observatory
RF Radio Frequency
RMS Root Mean Square
RSL Receiver Signal Level
RX Receiver
SAR Synthetic Aperture Radar
SHM Structural Health Monitoring (of civil structures, such as buildings, bridges, dams, etc.)
SRD Short Range Device
TX Transmitter
UWB Ultra Wide Band
VLBI Very Large Base Interferometry (a type of space observation)
WGSE ECC Working Group on Spectrum Engineering
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10 ETSI TR 103 594 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
4 Presentation of the HD-GBSAR system
The first-generation of Ground Based Synthetic Aperture Radars (GBSAR) operating in the band 17,1-17,3 GHz [i.1]
and [i.2] was introduced in the market more than 10 years ago. It utilized channel bandwidth of 100-200 MHz which
allowed it achieving spatial resolution of 0,75 m with displacement measurement accuracy of 1 mm.
Over the past years, GBSAR has been extensively utilized in Europe and all over the world for several safety critical
deformation monitoring applications, such as landslide monitoring, dam monitoring and in general in any application
requiring real-time deformation monitoring. In particular, the usage of GBSAR has become a standard practice in open
pit mine operations, as safety tool capable to provide early warning in case of deformation indicative of impeding slope
failure, improving the safety standard of people working in mining environment. A significant example is the case of
th
the world's largest ever open pit mine slope failure at Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah, USA, which occurred on 10 of
April 2013 [i.7], see figure 1.
Figure 1: Bingham Canyon Mine slope failure (photo credit: KSL.com [i.7])
The Bingham Canyon Mine operator was using GBSAR and it started to capture the first deformations months before
the event. This early warning allowed mine operator to immediately re-route all operations around the risk area and
keep monitoring it closely. When the landslide became imminent, the evacuation of the hazardous area was carried out
a few days before the failure, saving lives of hundreds of miners.
However, large dimensions and limited range resolution performance of first-generation of GBSAR limited its
applicability to more potential applications that require an easily transportable and compact system providing a finer
resolution.
The latest technological advances made possible the development of a second generation of GBSAR, named High
Definition GBSAR (HD-GBSAR). HD-GBSAR would provide up to 5x improvement of resolution performance
compared with GBSAR, while allowing to achieve 4x reduction of physical size of measurement equipment. Moreover,
the next generation HD-GBSAR technology enables a higher interferometric accuracy on displacement measurements.
It is in fact possible to reach 0,1 mm accuracy on natural targets allowing the early detection of displacement trends
such as those occurring before a ground collapse.
The higher resolution and measurement accuracy would however require a much larger operational bandwidth
compared with first-generation GBSAR, up to 1 GHz compared with 200 MHz used originally. This requires
reconsideration of frequency designation for second generation HD-GBSAR application and it was proposed to look at
the range of 74 GHz-81 GHz as potential tuning range that could accommodate the required 1 GHz channel bandwidth.
Proposed frequency range 74 GHz-81 GHz offers a good match between the multiple considerations, such as the
required operational bandwidth, the current state of available radar and general RF technological solutions vis-à-vis the
requirements of specific HD-GBSAR use scenarios described in the following clause 5. Specific considerations
substantiating the choice of the candidate frequency range 74 GHz-81 GHz for second generation HD-GBSAR are
provided in clause B.2.
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11 ETSI TR 103 594 V1.1.1 (2018-08)
It is also envisaged that some evolving third generation HD-GBSAR applications in the future may require utilizing
even higher operational bandwidth of up to 10 GHz. That future requirement would be subject to another work item
addressing the possibilities for deploying radiodetermination and other UWB applications in the frequency range above
122 GHz.
5 Market information
The following main use scenarios are envisaged for the HD-GBSAR, enabled by the highly compact portable size and
increased measurement precision of second generation equipment. For further details please see clause A.1.
• Structural Health Monitoring (SHM):
HD-GBSAR can be used to monitor the deformation of civil structures such as various buildings or other
man-made structures in order to either assess stability of the structure, or to monitor for any instabilities
induced over time by external causes, such as earthquake or underground construction taking place close to or
directly under the monitored object.
• Underground Mine and Tunnel Construction Monitoring:
HD-GBSAR can be used for monitoring of underground mines and tunnels under construction as a
geotechnical tool for deformation measurement to provide early warning in case of surface deformation as
precursor of an impending collapse.
• Quarry, Cut-slope and Natural Landslide Monitoring:
This is already a very well-established use scenario for GBSAR equipment, where it is used to monitor the
ground superficial deformation of active quarry or natural landslide. For this use case the HD-GBSAR is able
to offer a maximum measurement distance of 800 m providing a real-time displacement measure of the
monitored scenario every minute or less.
Very importantly for all of the above use case scenarios, the more compact and light-weight portable nature of
second-generation HD-GBSAR equipment as well as increased measurement accuracy allows much prominent use of
this highly useful and in some scenarios life-saving technology in a wider variety of locations and scenarios.
Accordingly, it is forecasted that the market size of the HD-GBSAR will be significantly larger than that of the
first-generation GBSAR. It will be not least helped by the reduced price of HD-GBSAR compared with GBSAR thanks
to recent advances of commercial mm-wave RF technologies.
Detailed estimates of different segments of HD-GBSAR market are outlined in clause A.2.
6 Technical information
6.1 Detailed technical description
The HD-GBSAR system (figure 2) is a remote sensing radar sy
...