Different solar cells have different lifespans depending on their working principles (1) Silicon solar cells Silicon solar cells are divided into three types: monocrystalline silicon solar cells, thin film solar cells polycrystalline silicon and thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells. Monocrystalline silicon solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency and the most mature technology. The highest conversion efficiency in the laboratory is 23% and the efficiency in large-scale production is 15%. It still occupies a dominant position in large-scale applications and industrial production. However, due to the high cost and price of monocrystalline silicon, it is difficult to greatly reduce its cost in order to save silicon materials, polycrystalline silicon films and amorphous silicon. of theFilms were developed as monocrystalline silicon solar cells. Compared to monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells are cheaper and more efficient than amorphous silicon thin-film cells. The maximum conversion efficiency in the laboratory is 18%, and the conversion efficiency in industrial-scale production is 10%. Therefore, polycrystalline silicon thin film cells will soon dominate the solar energy market. Amorphous silicon thin film solar cells have low cost, light weight, high conversion efficiency, easy mass production and great potential. However, due to the photoelectric efficiency degradation effect caused by its material, its stability is not high, which directly affects its practical application. If the stability problem and the conversion rate problem can bere solved further, then large amorphous silicon solar cells will undoubtedly be one of the main products of solar cell development. (2) Multi-compound thin-film solar cells Multi-compound thin-film solar cell materials are inorganic salts, which mainly include III-V gallium arsenide compounds, cadmium sulfide, cadmium sulfide and thin film batteries of copper, indium and selenium. Cadmium sulfide and cadmium telluride polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are more efficient than amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells, are less expensive than monocrystalline silicon cells, and are easy to mass produce. However, since cadmium is very toxic, it will be. cause serious damage to the environment. Pollution is therefore not the most ideal alternative to crista silicon solar cellsllin. The conversion efficiency of III-V gallium arsenide (GaAs) compound cells can reach 28%. Materials composed of GaAs have very ideal optical band gaps and high absorption efficiency, strong radiation resistance, and are not sensitive to heat, making them suitable for manufacturing. -Efficient single junction battery. However, the price of GaAs materials is high, which greatly limits the popularity of GaAs batteries. Copper indium selenide thin film cells (CIS for short) are suitable for photoelectric conversion. There is no problem of light-induced degradation, and the conversion efficiency is the same as that of polycrystalline silicon. With the advantages of low price, good performance and simple process, it will become an important direction for the development of solar cells in the future. The only problem lies in the source of the materials. L'Indium and selenium being relatively rare elements, the development of this type of battery is necessarily limited. (3) Polymer multilayer modified electrode type solar cells using organic polymers instead of inorganic materials is a research direction in solar cell manufacturing that has just begun. Due to the advantages of organic materials such as flexibility, ease of production, wide material sources and low cost, they are of great importance for the large-scale utilization of solar energy and electricity supply cheap. However, research into using organic materials to prepare solar cells is only just beginning. Neither the lifespan nor the efficiency of cells can be compared to those of inorganic materials, especially silicon.Compared to batteries. It remains to be studied and explored further.garlic if it can become a product of practical importance. (4) The photovoltaic efficiency of nanocrystalline solar cells is stable at more than 10%, and the production cost is only that of silicon solar cells.
Perovskite solar cells (PSC) are a type of solar energy. Compounds comprising perovskite structures, most commonly lead or tin halide organic-inorganic hybrid materials, are used as active light-harvesting layers.
Perovskite materials, such as methylammonium lead halides and fully inorganic cesium halides, are inexpensive to produce and easy to manufacture.
The solar cell efficiency of devices using these materials increased from 3.8% in 2009 to 25.5% in 2020, reaching 29.1% in silicon-based tandem cells in single junction architectures, surpassing cell efficiencyare obtained by. single junction silicon solar cells. Therefore, perovskite solar cells are currently the fastest growing solar technology.
Perovskite solar cells have become commercially attractive due to their potential to achieve higher efficiencies and extremely low production costs.