How do solar panels work?

The working principle of n/p-type crystalline silicon solar cells: When p-type semiconductor and n-type semiconductor are closely combined and connected together, a p-n junction is formed at the interface between the two. When the photovoltaic cell is illuminated by sunlight, positive and negative charges accumulate on both sides of the p-n junction, generating photovoltage and forming an integrated electric field. This is the “photovoltaic effect”. Theoretically, at this point, if the electrodes are removed from both sides of the built-in electric field and connected to a suitable load, a current will be formed and power will be obtained on the load. Solar cell modules are solid-state devices that use the electronic properties of semiconductor materials to achieve photovoltaic conversion.