According to the different materials used, solar cells can be divided into: silicon solar cells, multi-compound thin-film solar cells, polymer multi-layer modified electrode solar cells, nanocrystalline solar cells, organic solar cells, solar cells in plastic. Among them, silicon solar cells are the most mature and dominate the application.
Silicon solar power
Silicon solar cells are divided into three types: monocrystalline silicon solar cells, polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells and polycrystalline silicon solar cells. thin layers of amorphous silicon.
Monocrystalline silicon solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency and the most mature technology. The highest laboratory conversion efficiency is 24.7% and the large-scale production efficiency is 15% (in 2011 it waswas 18%). It still occupies a dominant position in large-scale applications and industrial production. However, due to the high cost and price of monocrystalline silicon, it is difficult to greatly reduce its cost in order to save silicon materials, polycrystalline silicon films and amorphous silicon. films have been developed as alternative monocrystalline silicon products.
Compared to monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells are cheaper and more efficient than amorphous silicon thin-film cells. The maximum conversion efficiency in the laboratory is 18%, and the conversion efficiency in industrial-scale production is 18%. 10% (in 2011 it was 17%). Therefore, polycrystalline silicon thin film cells will soon dominate the solar cell market.
Thin film solar cellsamorphous silicon have low cost, light weight, high conversion efficiency, easy mass production and great potential. However, due to the photoelectric efficiency degradation effect caused by its material, its stability is not high, which directly affects its practical application. If the stability problem and the conversion rate problem can be further solved, then amorphous silicon solar cells will undoubtedly be one of the main development products of solar cells.
Polycrystalline thin film
Polycrystalline thin film cells such as cadmium sulfide and cadmium telluride have higher efficiency than amorphous silicon thin film solar cells and lower cost than monocrystalline silicon cells, and are easy to use. produce on a large scale, but because cadmium is very toxic and can cause seriouse environment pollution, it is not the most ideal substitute for crystalline silicon solar cells.
Nanocrystalline
Nanocrystalline chemical energy solar cells are a recently developed product. Its advantages lie in low cost, simple process and stable performance. Its photoelectric efficiency is stable at more than 10%, and its production cost is only 1/5 to 1/10 of that of silicon solar cells. The lifespan can reach more than 20 years.
The research and development of this type of battery has just started and will gradually enter the market in the near future.
Organic thin film
Organic thin film solar cells are solar cells whose core is composed of organic materials. It makes sense that not everyone is familiar with organic solar cells. More than 95% of mass-produced solar cellstoday are silicon-based, while the remaining less than 5% are also made of other inorganic materials.
Dye sensitization
Dye-sensitized solar cells attach a pigment to TiO2 particles. It is then soaked in an electrolyte solution. The pigment is exposed to light and generates free electrons and holes. The free electrons are absorbed by TiO2, flow from the electrode to the external circuit, then pass through the electrical device, flow into the electrolyte and finally return to the pigment. The manufacturing cost of dye-sensitized solar cells is very low, making them very competitive. Its energy conversion efficiency is around 12%.
Plastic batteries
Plastic solar cells are made from recyclable plastic films and can be mass-produced using “roll-to-roll printing” technology.roll ". They are inexpensive and environmentally friendly. . However, plastic solar cells are not yet mature. It is expected that in the next 5 to 10 years, solar cell manufacturing technology based on organic materials such as plastics will mature and be used on a large scale.
About the conversion efficiency of ultra-efficient solar cells reaching 42.8%
Silicon solar cells are divided into three types: solar cells monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells and amorphous cells. type of thin film silicon solar cells.
Monocrystalline silicon solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency and the most mature technology. The highest laboratory conversion efficiency is 24.7% and the large-scale production efficiency is de 15%. It still occupies a dominant position in large-scale applications and industrial production. However, due to the high cost and price of monocrystalline silicon, it is difficult to greatly reduce its cost in order to save silicon materials, polycrystalline silicon films and amorphous silicon. films have been developed as monocrystalline silicon solar cells.
Compared to monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells are cheaper and more efficient than amorphous silicon thin-film cells. The maximum conversion efficiency in the laboratory is 18%, and the conversion efficiency in industrial-scale production is 18%. ten%. Therefore, polycrystalline silicon thin film cells will soon dominate the solar energy market.
Amorphous silicon thin film solar cells have a lowcost, light weight, high conversion efficiency, easy mass production and great potential. However, due to the photoelectric efficiency degradation effect caused by its material, its stability is not high, which directly affects its practical application. If the stability problem and the conversion rate problem can be further solved, then amorphous silicon solar cells will undoubtedly be one of the main development products of solar cells.
What do solar cell components include?
According to foreign media, the University of Delaware in the United States has successfully developed ultra-high efficiency silicon solar cells
. Under standard terrestrial conditions, its solar energy conversion efficiency reaches a record high of 42.8%, approximately 42.8% higher than other types of solar cells.
3O%, 2 times that of meiTheir silicon solar cells. NOW. This
technology will change the way electricity is produced
around the world.
According to the researchers, the focusing device of previous high-efficiency solar cells required a complex optical tracking system, including a focusing lens 30.5 cm thick and the size of a office.
The battery they developed uses a new type of
lateral optical focusing system, which splits incident light into
high beams , medium and low energy, respectively irradiating
For different photosensitive materials, the total absorption spectrum of these photosensitive materials covers the entire solar spectrum. The focusing system includes
a wide acceptance angle static optical system that can capture a large amount of light energy without the need for complex tracking devices.
The thicksystem is less than 1 cm. . The ultra-thin, no-moving-parts features of the new solar cell facilitate its application on portable devices such as laptops.
(1) Monocrystalline silicon solar cells The photoelectric conversion efficiency of monocrystalline silicon solar cells is about 15%, the highest reaching 24%. This is currently the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency among all types of solar cells. But the production cost is so high that it cannot be used widely and commonly in large quantities. Since monocrystalline silicon is typically encapsulated in tempered glass and waterproof resin, it is strong and durable, with a lifespan of typically up to 15 years and up to 25 years. (2) Polycrystalline silicon solar cells The manufacturing process of polycrystalline silicon solar cellsCrystalline is similar to that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells, but the photoelectric conversion efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is much lower. Its photoelectric conversion efficiency is about 12% (Japan July). January 1, 2004 Sharp launches the world's most efficient polycrystalline silicon solar cell, with an efficiency of 14.8%). In terms of production cost, it is cheaper than monocrystalline silicon solar cells. The material is easy to manufacture, saves energy, and the overall production cost is low, so it has been widely developed. In addition, the lifespan of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is shorter than that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells. In terms of performance-price ratio, monocrystalline silicon solar cells are slightly better. (3) Amorphous silicon solar cells Solar cells made of amorphous siliconAmorphous silicon are a new type of thin-film solar cells that appeared in 1976. They are completely different from monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cells in manufacturing methods. The process is greatly simplified and the material is silicon. the consumption is very low, it consumes less energy and its main advantage is that it can produce electricity even in low light conditions. However, the main problem of amorphous silicon solar cells is that the photoelectric conversion efficiency is low. The current international advanced level is around 10%, and its conversion efficiency is decreasing over time.