The voltage of satellite solar panels is 12V, 24V and 36V. The voltage of the battery panel will vary depending on the components with different wattages, and the wattage will also vary due to different materials.
The sail solar panel is a device that collects solar energy. It is generally used to power satellites and spacecraft, and is also used to be installed on the top of environmentally friendly cars. The basic principle of solar panels is to use the photoelectric effect of silicon (Si) and certain metals to convert solar energy into electrical energy, which is then stored in the solar cells of satellites, spacecraft and electric vehicles.
Artificial satellites generally use electricity stored in solar panels as energy. Why not use gasoline as energy?
The efficiencyCurrent conversion rate of monocrystalline silicon solar panels is about 24%. Satellites are profitable, monocrystalline silicon is difficult to produce, but it is still used. Currently, the solar panels on the market are all made of polycrystalline silicon, and the efficiency is about 18%. satellites are. You know that its effectiveness is very low.
What is a nuclear powered satellite?
First, the mass of gasoline will increase the cost and difficulty of launching. Data shows that each gram of launched object will consume 1 kg of fuel, which is not worth the loss.
Second, gasoline will create dangerous conditions during the launching process.
If the third satellite needs electricity and uses gasoline, it must then be converted to electricity. Next, the satellite must carry a small generator. an oxygen tank (otherwise, asnt burn gasoline in space?) It is almost impossible, and the exhaust gases emitted from the combustion will produce a reaction force on the satellite, affecting its orbit
In comparison, solar panels are lightweight and energy can be obtained from the sun almost all the time. There are no batteries in space. If the panel is covered in ash, of course you should choose it.
Another point. is that the phrase "using the electrical energy stored in the solar panel as energy" is not used to convert energy because the solar panel only absorbs light and is not used for energy storage. All real satellites carry batteries.
Use of photovoltaic panels in artificial satellites
Artificial satellites cannot operate without electricity. To date, the vast majority of satellites are powered by solar energy. The satellite is availableuses a large solar panel that receives sunlight and produces electricity. A very small number of satellites use nuclear energy to produce electricity. These satellites are called nuclear powered satellites.
Nuclear power sources have small size, long life, high power and strong environmental adaptability. They are therefore suitable for some military satellites, in particular space probes which detect external planets.
Planets in the solar system that lie outside Earth's orbit are called "exoplanets." When detecting the outer planets, the space probe is far away from the sun, and the sunlight it illuminates is very weak and cannot generate enough electrical power, so nuclear power supply must be used. The American "Viking" probe for Mars, the Saturn "Cassini" probe,the exoplanetary probe “Voyager” and the Russian probe “Mars-96” etc. all used radioisotope thermoelectric generators as power sources.
The United States launched several nuclear-powered satellites in the 1960s. The former Soviet Union launched more, focusing on ocean monitoring satellites. The satellite is equipped with a thermionic reactor powered by enriched uranium 235, with a power of 5 to 10 kilowatts. The satellite operates in an orbit at an altitude of more than 200 kilometers. After completing its mission, it is pushed into an orbit of approximately 1,000 kilometers, where it can operate for 600 years. is no longer radioactive. On January 28, 1978, the Soviet Union's nuclear-powered satellite "Cosmos 954" failed. The nuclear reactor section failed to rise and radioactive fragments from the satellite fell into Canada, causing serious pollution. In January1983, a similar failure occurred on the nuclear-powered satellite “Universe 1402”, which attracted worldwide attention. Later, the nuclear reactor module burned up completely when it re-entered the atmosphere over the South Atlantic Ocean, but no disaster was caused. In order to use nuclear energy sources safely and efficiently and to prevent them from harming humans and the environment, the United Nations adopted the “Principles on the Use of Nuclear Energy Sources nuclear energy in outer space” in 1992, requiring member states to respect them. .
Satellite photovoltaic panels use the photochemical effect.
1. Light-heat-electricity conversion
The light-heat-electricity conversion method generates electricity using thermal energy generated by solar radiation, usually by a solar panel.collector. The absorbed thermal energy is converted into working fluid steam, which then drives the steam turbine to produce electricity. The first process is a light-heat conversion process; the second process is a heat-to-electricity conversion process, which is the same as ordinary thermal power generation.
2. Direct conversion of light into electricity
Solar energy production is based on the photoelectric properties of specific materials. Black bodies (like the sun) emit electromagnetic waves of different wavelengths (corresponding to different frequencies), such as infrared, ultraviolet, visible light, etc.
When these rays shine on different conductors or semiconductors, the photons interact with free electrons in the conductor or semiconductor to produce an electric current. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequencyuence of the ray, the higher its energy. For example, the energy of ultraviolet rays is much higher than that of infrared rays.
Classification of photovoltaic panels:
1. Silicon solar energy
Silicon solar cells are divided into monocrystalline silicon solar cells and polycrystalline silicon solar cells. thin film solar cells. There are three types of amorphous silicon thin-film batteries and solar cells.
(1) Monocrystalline silicon solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency and the most mature technology. The highest laboratory conversion efficiency is 24.7% and the large-scale production efficiency is 15% (in 2011 it was 18%).
(2) Compared to monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells are cheaper and more efficient than solar cells.es with thin layers of amorphous silicon. The maximum laboratory conversion efficiency is 18% and the industry conversion efficiency is 18%. large-scale production is 10% (in 2011 it was 17%). Therefore, polycrystalline silicon film batteries will soon dominate the solar cell market.
(3) Amorphous silicon thin film solar cells have low cost, light weight, high conversion efficiency, easy mass production and great potential. However, due to the photoelectric efficiency degradation effect caused by its material, its stability is not high, which directly affects its practical application.
2. Polycrystalline thin films
Polycrystalline thin film cells such as cadmium sulfide and cadmium telluride are more efficient than amorphous silicon thin film solar cells and cost less than simonocrystalline silicon. -expensive and easy to mass produce. However, since cadmium is very toxic and can cause serious environmental pollution, it is not the most ideal substitute for crystalline silicon solar cells.