The materials required for solar panels are as follows:
1. Tempered glass: Its function is to protect the main power-producing body (such as cells), and its selection is required. for light transmission, the rate should be high (generally above 91%), and ultra-white tempered treatment is required.
2. EVA: Used to bond and fix the tempered glass and the main body of power generation (battery sheet). The quality of the transparent EVA material directly affects the lifespan of the exposed EVA component. the air is prone to aging and yellowing, which affects the light transmission of the module, thereby affecting the power generation quality of the module. In addition to the quality of the EVA itself, the module manufacturer's lamination process also has a big impact. For example, the bonding degree of EVA is not up to standards and EVA is bonded with tempered glass andbackplanes. Insufficient strength will cause premature aging of EVA and affect the service life of components.
3. Cells: The main function is to produce electricity. The main market for power generation is crystalline silicon solar cells and thin-film solar cells, both of which have their own advantages and disadvantages. The equipment cost of crystalline silicon solar cells is relatively low, but the consumption and costs of cells are high. However, the photoelectric conversion efficiency is also high, so it is more suitable to generate electricity under outdoor sunlight.
Thin-film solar cells have relatively high equipment costs, but the consumption and battery costs are very low, but the photoelectric conversion efficiency is more than half of that of solar cells.They are made of crystalline silicon, but the low light effect is very good under ordinary light. Can also produce electricity, like solar cells in a calculator.
4. Backplate: function, sealing, insulation and waterproofing. Typically, TPT, TPE and other materials are used and must be resistant to aging. Most component manufacturers offer a 25-year warranty. Tempered glass and aluminum alloy generally pose no problem. .
5. Aluminum alloy: protects rolled parts and plays a certain sealing and supporting role.
6. Junction Box: Protects the entire power generation system and serves as a power transfer station. If any component is shorted, the junction box will automatically disconnect the shorted battery string to avoid burning. the entire system. The most critical part of the rush boxtion is the diode. Diode selection depends on the cell type of the module.
7. Silica gel: sealing function, used to seal the junction between components and aluminum alloy frames, components and junction boxes. Some companies usually use double-sided tape and foam to replace silica gel. used in China and the process is simple, convenient, easy to use and inexpensive.
The following describes two methods of manufacturing solar panels.
Solar panel manufacturing method (1)
The first step: first put the titanium dioxide powder into a mortar and grind it with the adhesive, then use a glass rod to slowly grind it on the conductive glass. Apply a film on top to make a titanium dioxide film. Put the titanium dioxide film under an alcohol lamp to sinter and solidify for 10-15 minutes, then letcool. Step 2: Use natural dyes to color the titanium dioxide. .As the picture shows, put the fresh or frozen black plums, mountain plums, pomegranate seeds or black tea, use a large spoon to extract the juice, then put the titanium dioxide film to coloring. This will take approximately 5 minutes. minutes until the film layer turns dark purple. If the coloring on both sides is uneven, you can put it in and soak it for 5 minutes, then rinse it with ethanol and dry it gently.
Step 3: Make the positive and negative electrodes of the battery. It is composed of a layer of SnO2 conductive film, and a layer of graphite is evenly coated on the conductive surface with a 6B pencil.
Step 4: Add electrolyte and use the solution containing iodide ions as the electrolyte of the solar cell. As the picture shows, simply addent one to two drops of electrolyte on the surface of the titanium dioxide film.
Step 5: Assemble the battery. Place the colored titanium dioxide film on the table, drop one or two drops of electrolyte containing iodine and iodide ions on the film, and then place the conductive surface of the negative electrode Press on the titanium dioxide membrane. Offset the two pieces of glass slightly so that the exposed part can be used as the electrode for the test. Use two pliers to tighten the battery and your solar battery is ready.
Step 6: Test the battery Under outdoor sunlight, a solar cell with an open circuit voltage of 0.4V and a short circuit current of 1mA/cm2 can be obtained.
Solar panel production method (2)
1. The first step is to connect the battery sheets in series with copper tape. A battery chip is equivalent to a small energy production unitergie, which can generate a current of 0.5V and 5.2A. By connecting a number of battery chips in series with copper strips, more power output can be achieved.
2. Then the battery parts must be sealed and isolated from air, otherwise they will gradually decompose until the generated power reaches zero. Therefore, the second step is to use tempered glass, EVA and backplate. After heating and vacuuming, the battery wafers can be sealed between the glass and the backplate.
3. However, tempered glass is not durable enough and is easily damaged, especially at the corners. Therefore, the third step is to place aluminum frames around it to protect it. After the above three steps, the solar panel is produced.
Detailed information
Application fields of solar panels
1.User Solar Power Supply: (1) Small power supply 10- 100W It is used for military and civilian life in remote areas without electricity, such as plateaus, islands, pastoral areas and border posts, such as lighting, televisions, radios, etc. (2) 3-5 kW connected to the household roof grid; power generation system; (3) Photovoltaic water pump: solves the problem of watering and irrigating deep water wells in areas without electricity.
2. Transportation field: such as navigation beacon lights, road/railroad signal lights, warning/signal lights, Yuxiang street lights, high-altitude obstacle lights, highway wireless telephone booths /railroads, route changes without supervision. food, etc.
3. Communication/Communication Area: Unattended Solar Microwave Relay Stationlance, optical cable maintenance station, broadcasting/communication/messaging power system; rural operator telephone photovoltaic system, small communication machine, soldier GPS power supply, etc. .
4. Oil, marine and meteorological fields: cathodic protection solar energy systems for oil pipelines and reservoir valves, standby and standby power supplies for oil drilling platforms, ocean sensing equipment, observation equipment meteorological/hydrological.Wait.
5. Lighting power supply: such as garden lights, street lights, portable lights, camping lights, mountaineering lights, fishing lights, black light lights, rubber tapping lights, lamps energy saving, etc.
6. Photovoltaic power plants: independent photovoltaic power plants from 10 KW to 50 MW,complementary wind and solar (diesel) power plants, various charging stations for large parking plants, etc.
7. Solar buildings: The combination of solar power generation and building materials will make future large-scale buildings electricity self-sufficient, which is a major development direction for the future.
8. Other fields include: (1) Automotive support: solar cars/electric cars, battery charging equipment, car air conditioners, fans, cold drink boxes, etc. (2) Solar hydrogen regeneration; production and fuel cells Energy production system; (3) Power supply for seawater desalination equipment (4) Satellites, spacecraft, space solar power plants, etc.
References Baidu Encyclopedia - Solar panels
What are the manufacturing processesation of solar cells?
Solar cells are devices that directly convert light energy into electrical energy by photoelectric effect or photochemical effect. Cyanine film solar cells that act on the photoelectric effect are widespread, while solar cells that act on the photochemical effect are still in their infancy. Sunlight shines on the p-n junction of the semiconductor, forming new hole-electron pairs. Under the action of the electric field of the p-n junction, holes flow from region n to region p and electrons flow from region p to region n. Once the circuit is turned on, a current is formed. This is how photovoltaic solar cells work.
According to the crystalline state, solar cells can be divided into two categories: thin crystalline type and amorphous film type (hereinafter referred to as a-), and the firstr is divided into single crystal form and polycrystalline form. .
According to the material, it can be classified into silicon thin film type, compound semiconductor thin film type and organic thin film type. The compound semiconductor thin film type is further divided into amorphous type (a-Si:H, a-Si:H:F, a-SixGel-x:H, etc.), group IIIV (GaAs, InP) , group IIVI (cds series) and zinc phosphide (Zn3P2), etc. The insert table lists the classification and uses of different types of solar cells.
Solar cell (module) process: 1. Battery inspection - 2. Front welding - inspection - 3. Rear series connection - inspection - 4. Installation (glass cleaning, cutting materials, glass preparation, installation) - 5. Lamination - 6. Deburring (edging, cleaning) - 7. Frame installation (gluing, installation of corner wedges, punching, framing, scrubbing of glue residue) - 8. Solder junction box- 9. High voltage test - 10. Component testing - appearance inspection - 11. How to ensure the high efficiency and long life of packaging and storage components: 1. High conversion efficiency, high quality battery cells;
2. such as: EVA with high degree of cross-linking, encapsulant with high bonding strength (neutral silicone resin glue), tempered glass with high light transmittance and high strength, etc. ;
< p>3.4. Rigorous working style of employees;
Since solar cells are high-tech products, some details of the production process, some low-key issues such as wearing gloves but not wearing them, the Uniform application of reagents but without sloppy finishing, etc., all this affects the quality of the product, so in addition to formulating a reasonable production process, the seriousness and rigor of the employees are very important.