According to the crystalline state, solar cells can be divided into two categories: crystalline thin film type and amorphous thin film type (hereinafter referred to as a-), and the former is divided into single crystalline form and polycrystalline form.
According to materials, it can be divided into silicon thin film type, compound semiconductor thin film type and organic film type. The compound semiconductor thin film type is further divided into amorphous type (a-Si: H, a-Si: H: F, a-SixGel-x: H, etc.), Group IIIV (GaAs, InP, etc.), Group IIVI (Cds series) and zinc phosphide (Zn 3 p 2), etc.
According to the different materials used, solar cells can also be divided into: silicon solar cells, multi-compound thin-film solar cells, polymer multi-layer modified electrode solar cells, nanocrystalline solar cells, solar cells organic solar. , including celSilicon solar cells currently constitute the most mature and dominant applications.
(1) Silicon solar cells
Silicon solar cells are divided into three types: monocrystalline silicon solar cells, polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells and polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells. thin-film amorphous silicon solar cells.
Monocrystalline silicon solar cells have the highest conversion efficiency and the most mature technology. The highest laboratory conversion efficiency is 24.7% and the large-scale production efficiency is 15%. It still occupies a dominant position in large-scale applications and industrial production. However, due to the high cost and price of monocrystalline silicon, it is difficult to greatly reduce its cost in order to save silicon materials, polycrystalline silicon films and siliconamorphous ium. films have been developed as monocrystalline silicon solar cells.
Compared to monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells are cheaper and more efficient than amorphous silicon thin film solar cells. The maximum conversion efficiency in the laboratory is 18% and the conversion efficiency in industrial scale production. is 10%. Therefore, polycrystalline silicon thin film cells will soon dominate the solar energy market.
Amorphous silicon thin film solar cells have low cost, light weight, high conversion efficiency, easy mass production and great potential. However, due to the photoelectric efficiency degradation effect caused by its material, its stability is not high, which directly affects its practical application. If the stability problem and the pThe problem of conversion rate can be further solved, then large amorphous silicon solar cells will undoubtedly be one of the main development products of solar cells.
(2) Multi-compound thin-film solar cell
The materials of multi-compound thin-film solar cells are inorganic salts, which mainly include arsenide compounds of gallium III-V, cadmium sulfide, cadmium. sulfide and copper-indium-selenium thin film batteries, etc.
Cadmium sulfide and cadmium telluride polycrystalline thin-film solar cells are more efficient than amorphous silicon thin-film solar cells, less expensive than monocrystalline silicon cells, and are easy to produce in mass. However, cadmium is. highly toxic, will cause serious environmental pollution, so it is not the most ideal substitute for cellucrystalline silicon solar cells.
The conversion efficiency of III-V gallium arsenide (GaAs) compound cells can reach 28%. The GaAs compound material has a very ideal optical band gap and high absorption efficiency, and has strong resistance to hot radiation.Insensitive and suitable for manufacturing high-efficiency monojunction cells. However, GaAs materials are expensive, which significantly limits the popularity of GaAs batteries.
Copper indium selenide thin film cells (CIS for short) are suitable for photoelectric conversion. There is no light-induced degradation problem, and the conversion efficiency is the same as polycrystalline silicon. With the advantages of low price, good performance and simple process, it will become an important direction for the development of solar cells in the future. The only problem lies in the source of the materialsials. Indium and selenium being relatively rare elements, the development of this type of battery is necessarily limited.
(3) Polymer multilayer modified electrode solar cells
Replacing inorganic materials with organic polymers is a research direction in solar cell manufacturing that is just emerging. to start. Due to the advantages of organic materials such as flexibility, ease of production, wide material sources and low cost, they are of great importance for the large-scale utilization of solar energy and electricity supply cheap. However, research into using organic materials to prepare solar cells is only just beginning. Neither the lifespan nor the efficiency of the cells can be compared to that of inorganic materials, especially silicon cells. It remains to be studied and explored furtherdetail if it can become a product of practical importance.
(4) Nanocrystalline solar cells
Nano-TiO2 crystal chemical solar cells are newly developed, and their advantages lie in low cost, simple process and stable performance. Its photoelectric efficiency is stable at more than 10%, and its production cost is only 1/5 to 1/10 of that of silicon solar cells. The lifespan can reach more than 20 years.
However, as the research and development of this type of battery has just started, it is estimated that it will gradually enter the market in the near future.
(5) Organic solar cells
Organic solar cells, as their name suggests, are solar cells whose core is composed of organic materials. It makes sense that not everyone is familiar with organic solar cells. More than 95% of solar cells produced in series today are silicon-based, while the remaining less than 5% is also made of other inorganic materials.
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(1) Monocrystalline silicon solar cells The photoelectric conversion efficiency of monocrystalline silicon solar cells is about 15%, the highest reaching 24%. . efficiency of all types of solar cells. It has the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency, but its production cost is so high that it cannot be widely and commonly used in large quantities. Since monocrystalline silicon is typically encapsulated in tempered glass and waterproof resin, it is strong and durable, with a lifespan of typically up to 15 years and up to 25 years. (2)Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells The manufacturing process of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is similar to that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells, but the photoelectric conversion efficiency of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is much lower. Its photoelectric conversion efficiency is about 12% (Japan July). January 1, 2004 A world where Sharp's rating efficiency is 14.8% (Highest efficiency polycrystalline silicon solar cells). In terms of production cost, it is cheaper than monocrystalline silicon solar cells. The material is easy to manufacture, saves energy, and the overall production cost is low, so it has been widely developed. In addition, the lifespan of polycrystalline silicon solar cells is shorter than that of monocrystalline silicon solar cells. In terms of performance-price ratio, the cellsMonocrystalline silicon lenses are slightly better. (3) Amorphous silicon solar cells Amorphous silicon solar cells are a new type of thin-film solar cells that appeared in 1976. They are completely different from monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cells in manufacturing methods. The process is greatly simplified and the material is silicon. the consumption is very low, it consumes less energy and its main advantage is that it can produce electricity even in low light conditions. However, the main problem of amorphous silicon solar cells is that the photoelectric conversion efficiency is low. The current international advanced level is around 10%, and its conversion efficiency is decreasing over time.
(1) Silicon solar cells
Silicon solar cells are divided into three types: solar cellss monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cells and amorphous silicon thin film solar cells.
(2) Multi-compound thin-film solar cell
The materials of multi-compound thin-film solar cells are inorganic salts, which mainly include arsenide compounds of gallium III-V, cadmium sulfide, cadmium. sulfide and copper-indium-selenium thin film batteries, etc.
(3) Polymer multilayer modified electrode solar cells
Replacing inorganic materials with organic polymers is a research direction in solar cell manufacturing that is just emerging. to start. Due to the advantages of organic materials such as flexibility, ease of production, wide material sources and low cost, they are of great importance for large-scale energy utilizationsolar and the supply of cheap electricity. However, research into using organic materials to prepare solar cells is only just beginning. Neither the lifespan nor the efficiency of the cells can be compared to that of inorganic materials, especially silicon cells. Whether it can become a product of practical importance remains to be studied and explored in more detail.
(4) Nanocrystalline solar cells
Nano-TiO2 crystal chemical solar cells are newly developed, and their advantages lie in low cost, simple process and stable performance. Its photoelectric efficiency is stable at more than 10%, and its production cost is only 1/5 to 1/10 of that of silicon solar cells. The lifespan can reach more than 20 years.
(5) Organic thin-film solar cells
Organic thin-film solar cells are organic thin-film solar cells.laries whose core is composed of organic materials. It makes sense that not everyone is familiar with organic solar cells. More than 95% of solar cells mass-produced today are silicon-based, while the remaining less than 5% are also made of other inorganic materials.
(6) Dye-sensitized solar cells
Dye-sensitized solar cells attach pigment to TiO2 particles, then soak them in an electrolyte. The pigment is exposed to light and generates free electrons and holes. The free electrons are absorbed by TiO2, flow from the electrode to the external circuit, then pass through the electrical device, flow into the electrolyte and finally return to the pigment. dyeThe manufacturing cost of material-sensitized solar cells is very low, making them very competitive. Its energy conversion efficiency is approximately12%.