We humans are kind of insecure creatures. Although Earth is still very suitable for survival, we have already started to dream of finding a planet in the vast universe as a spare tire, just in case one day humans destroy it. Earth. When the time comes, there will be another planet to survive on.
However, wanting interstellar immigration is not just talk. According to scientists' observations, a suitable habitable planet must meet the habitable zone model.
1. It can't be too far from the center of the galaxy, nor too close to it.
First of all, it can't be too close to the center of the galaxy. the galaxy, because there are massive celestial bodies in the middle of the galaxy and many high-energy rays, unable to survive. It can't be too far from the center of the galaxy, otherwise heavy elements won't be produced. The solar systemre is in the habitable zone.
Except for the center of the galaxy, the celestial body itself cannot be too close to the star where it is located, if it is too close the temperature will be too high so that human beings can survive; too far, because planets too far away will be cold and mostly gaseous planets. There are no heavy elements.
In the solar system, Earth and Mars are in the habitable zone of the solar system.
2. A stable star
With a stable star, humans will not be forced to move away again shortly after immigrating. In this respect, Mars is also similar to Earth and the Sun is currently in a stable period.
3: There is a bigger planet
Actually, there are many asteroids and comets in the solar system. According to scientists' estimates, there are billions of comets in the Oort Cloud. There also existsThere are approximately 100,000 celestial bodies with a diameter greater than 100 kilometers in the Kuiper asteroid belt. The reason these celestial bodies did not hit the earth is because Jupiter used its strong gravity to bind them to the periphery. From this point of view, Jupiter is also the guardian of the earth.
Jupiter also had a time when its protection failed. At that time, the planet that collided with Earth caused the extinction of the dinosaurs.
Because Mars is similar to Earth, Mars is the first place humans will consider in the space immigration plan.
4: There is a satellite that is not small compared to itself.
At the beginning, the Earth rotated very quickly, even only eight hours a day, but the The Moon's gravity acted as a brake on the Earth. The Earth's rotation slowed down to 24 hours a day. The birth of the Moon also reversed the Earth's axis of rotation, makingthe stable Earth with four seasons.
However, fortunately, Mars' rotation axis is nearly 20 degrees from Earth and there are distinct seasons. And the speed is not much different from that of Earth. Therefore, if humans live on Mars, they will not feel much difference in this regard.
5: There is an atmosphere
Although there is an atmosphere on Mars, the density of the atmosphere on Mars is less than one percent of that of the Earth. The atmosphere of Mars is not the same as that of Earth. Slightly different, the main component of the Martian atmosphere is carbon dioxide, followed by nitrogen, argon and a small amount of oxygen. No ozone is used to isolate ultraviolet rays, which means that ultraviolet rays can directly penetrate the surface of Mars and destroy the protein molecules and DNA of life on the surface of Mars. Therefore, the organsnisms cannot survive on the surface of Mars.
6. There is a magnetic field
The reason why the earth has life is because the earth's magnetic field always protects life on earth from cosmic rays. Earth's magnetic field lines, as waves of energy, travel from the center of the earth through the south pole, then to higher altitudes, then back to the center of the earth from the north pole. Because the material blown by the star towards the planet is charged, and the existence of the magnetic field can guide these charged materials towards the poles. (As the magnetic field lines near the poles are perpendicular to the ground, the radiation in the poles is extremely important.)
When a planet's magnetic field is very weak or has no field magnetic, cosmic rays can penetrate the magnetic field. the planet's surface through the atmosphere, causing serious harm to living beingsivants. According to research by NASA's Curiosity rover, Mars has no magnetic field, which means Mars is not suitable for human survival.
If humans want to colonize Mars, what preparations should be made?
In fact, even though scientists have discovered that life once existed on Mars, Mars is not suitable for human survival.
Astrophysicist Dimitra Atri once thought about a question: Why are Mars and Earth so close, when Earth is full of life and Mars is completely sterile?
He explained: “The main reason is that, compared to Earth, the atmosphere of Mars is almost negligible, so the amount of environmental radiation on Mars is very high. Second, Mars does not have a global magnetic field and does not have a protective layer against cosmic rays. Therefore, I think that it is this difference which determines the fate of the planets which"As for us humans, although today technology has advanced to the point where it can detect the universe or launch the Curiosity rover to study Mars, it is still unable to do anything about these things that change the composition of the atmosphere and the magnetic field of celestial bodies. Therefore, we cannot treat Mars as a colony and can only protect the Earth. the only home we can survive on is Earth
Colonizing the outer planets has always been a space dream of humanity However, due to the limitations of the scientific level. Currently, the only things we can covet are the solar system planets, and there are also some we can only consider the brother planets around us. Fortunately, there is an Earth-like planet around us. . Unfortunately, humans still haveMuch to do if they want to make Mars a habitable planet.
Although Mars has many similar conditions to Earth, it is absolutely impossible to survive on Mars without protection. To transform Mars, it is essentially necessary to restore Mars' atmosphere, and restoring Mars' atmosphere begins with restoring Mars' magnetic field. Scientists have many ideas for recreating the Martian magnetic field, but they remain only at the level of imagination. This is far from possible with humanity's current science and technology.
But if you just build a base on Mars, it can still be done. We all know that in the near future humans will land on Mars, and maybe a long process of developing Mars will start from there, but it will definitely be a long process. If humans want to make Mars a place of resistancedence, they must have the capacity to provide the necessary living conditions themselves. Long-term transportation of resources from Earth is obviously extremely unreliable. Human colonization of Mars therefore remains a long dream.
There are many difficulties in truly colonizing Mars.
Mars has several major inherent flaws:
It lacks a planetary magnetic field. When Mars first formed, Mars may have had a magnetic field, but as internal energy was lost, Mars' core gradually cooled, liquid metal convection gradually became weakened and the planetary dynamo effect tended to stop, so that the magnetic field weakened and almost disappeared. After the disappearance of the magnetic field, Mars was completely exposed to the destruction of solar wind and cosmic rays, and its atmosphere was destroyed.you.
Futuristic and transformative Mars
Born with the second defect:
< p> Mars is further from the sun than Earth. The solar radiation received by the surface of Mars is about a third of that of Earth. Low temperature is not suitable for the survival of terrestrial organisms.
The third natural defect:
Mars has no atmosphere, and the atmospheric pressure on Mars does not is only 1/100 of that of Earth. The poles of Mars are rich in large amounts of dry ice (carbon dioxide). They are heated to dissipate them, but the result is still removed by the solar wind.
Dry ice at the poles of Mars
In some scenarios it is planned to use asteroid impacts, nuclear bomb explosions, and the construction of chemical plants, heating the surface of Mars, and other methods to replenish the atmospherehere of Mars. However, the cost of these methods is inestimable, and it is difficult to be effective in the short term. the methods are still very science fiction, very futuristic and limited. Human beings cannot do it within the given time frame.
Therefore, the first step in human colonization of Mars cannot be to build those magnificent buildings and bases from science fiction movies, but to build a Martian fortress similar to a shelter, what can be considered an iron wall is the only way to resist space radiation.
The construction of these facilities obviously cannot rely solely on labor. It mainly relies on robots and a series of automated equipment. Therefore, a large number of equipment and robots must be sent for installation from the beginning. solar panels first.Due to frequent sandstorms on Mars, the surfaceof the solar panel must be cleaned regularly and frequently enough to prevent it from being covered in dust.
The next step is to use local materials. What is available on Earth is not lacking on Mars. Some glass, metals and plastics can be produced on Mars. period of After decades of hard work, a semi-air fortress with thick concrete protection was born. This Martian fortress can accommodate dozens of people to conduct scientific research in the early stages, some necessities still need to be transported from earth.
If you want to reach the day when the above is achieved, I think it won't take too long. It will take 100 years, I think it's entirely possible.
Future space colonies? Perhaps we should set our sights on Saturn beyond Mars.
In "Robot Colony", grazing is a necessary materialI'm interested in raising cattle and sheep in the game, and how can this pasture be produced? Fodder production method shared by “463594473”.
Forage production method
If you want to produce grass, find a piece of grass and keep nearby cattle and sheep away;
Because they prefer to eat the cut grass If you are worried about the grass, you can surround it with a fence;
Then it's like growing weeds, two people cut the grass, two carry it to plant it and one door to store it;
Ensure that the efficiency of planting grass is higher than that of moving grass. You can wait until there is grass left on the ground before you start moving it.
NASA's Cassini spacecraft, Saturn and Titan, Saturn's largest moon. Cassini models: Brian Kumanczyk, Christian Lopez. Reaction Propulsion LaboratorynNASA/Caltech. Migration to Maya and updated hardware by Kevin M. Gill
NASA and Elon Musk's SpaceX have committed to bringing astronauts to Mars and even one day establishing a colony on the red planet - but what if their goal was more How about moving somewhere else? A new paper in the Journal of Astrobiology and Outreach suggests humans should establish a colony on Titan, a sour orange moon of Saturn that has been compared to early Earth and may show signs of "life unknown to us." .
"In many ways, Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is one of our favorite Earth-like worlds," NASA said on its website. “The latest has been found,” NASA said on its website. "With its thick atmosphere and organic-rich chemicals, Titan resembles a frozen version of Earth from billions of years agoyears, before life began pumping oxygen into our atmosphere.
It's clear that Titan could contain microbes - or, at least, chemicals that resemble probiotic life - but it is not Earth. The moon is perpetually covered in orange clouds and its atmosphere is hostile to humans. But Titan's gravity is acceptable (14% of Earth). Due to its thick clouds, the surface emits less radiation than on Mars and offers a variety of energy sources from which visitors can generate energy. energy.
As journal author Amanda Hendricks points out in a previous book she co-authored, Beyond Earth: Our Path to a New Home, on these planets, Titan has d Significant deposits of hydrocarbons, compounds commonly associated with petroleum. and gas. Data from NASA's Cassini space probe shows Titan contains hundreds of times pmore liquid hydrocarbons than all known reserves of oil and gas on Earth.
Simulation of a ground view of Titan. (Kevin M. Gill)
Points out that Titan's inhabitants could obtain energy from these compounds if they used an independent combustion source to get around the fact that there is no oxygen in the moon's atmosphere. But Hendrix's new research also addresses other ways of generating chemical energy, such as treating acetylene, an abundant compound, with hydrogen.
"In this article, I want to look deeper into chemical energy options, but also "We're looking at alternative energy possibilities," said Hendrix, a scientist at the nonprofit Planetary Science Institute, where I and my co-author Yuk Yung studied them. Titan energy options, nuclear power, geothermal, solar power, hydropower and wind powerenne. This article is designed to provide a high-level review of some of these topics.
Related: Saturn's moon Titan could offer insight into life because we didn't know it existed.
And Hendrix says it is possible to use the technology we currently have to generate such energy. , she points out, is within our reach with appropriate research, and even more so in the environment of Titan. For example, if we understand the performance of different photovoltaic cell materials and, more importantly, their behavior on Titan, hydropower will need to better map Titan's rich lake areas, including their topography and flow. Even wind power will require research into airborne wind turbines, but Hendricks said all of these options are promising.
"I think that, just like on Earth, a combination of energy sources would be utile on Titan," she said, especially solar power (using large panels) and wind power (using on-board wind turbines).
Related: A city on Mars: Elon Musk details SpaceX's plan to colonize the red planet
If delivered correctly, the energy required would be enough to power a small outpost For example, instead of. sending humans on missions to find life on the surface, Hendrix imagined a future that could generate energy for years. A scenario – in which solar panels contain more than 10% titanium on their surface – would generate. electricity demand for a population of about 300 million people, equivalent to the demand in the United States
“Of course, this is only a preliminary estimate. but we are talking about something much bigger than a short-term human scientific mission to Titan, Hendricks said:
NASA's claim to send humans to Mars by the 2030s. The goal, however, is that the agency remains focused on space exploration of Mars. Cassini's robotic mission to Saturn and its moons concluded its observations in September, and NASA and the European Space Agency are planning additional missions to Mars in the coming years. While NASA is considering possible missions to Uranus, Neptune and Jupiter's moon Europa, Saturn isn't really in the plans.
Originally published on Guide.