Explanation of phosphorus [salient; protruding] The appearance of protruding stones in the water. Also used to describe protruding nail heads. "Afang Palace Fu" of the Tang Dynasty Du Mu explains in detail the clear and bright appearance. Poem “A Trip to Fangkou Liuxi with the Twenty-One Kings” by Tang Mengjiao: “Ten thousand ancient willow roots, take this stream of phosphorus” Poem “Gift to Xianshi” by Tang Xuhun: “Feel free to write a good sentence on. Qiujiang is exactly When the phosphorus reaches its lowest level, it describes the bright color of jade. "Book of Han · Biography of Sima Xiangru": "The bright moon beads shine brightly on the river. The Shu stone is yellow, and the water is jade. The phosphorus is rotten, the colors are sweaty, and they accumulate there." "Wu" by Tang Luoye The well in the ancient palace of Wang" The second poem: "It contains green shears and lychees with gold, et blue is built with phosphorus and grows green moss "The Residence of the Five Dynasties Qi Ji". in Daolin Temple with Zen Master Yuelu" The second poem: "The mist gates in both places are silent, usually moss stone phosphorus" describes objects with edges and corners. Du Mu of "Afanggong Fu " of the Tang dynasty: "There is more phosphorus on the heads of nails than millet grains in Yu." Zhang Dai of "Tao'an Meng Yiquan" of the Qing dynasty: "During the summer of Jia Yin , I passed the marbled bamboo nunnery and took a sip of water. There was phosphorus and Guijiao is different, its color is like the autumn moon in the frosty sky, and it is. like the bamboo nunnery. a light mist comes out of Xiu, pine trees and rocks, and the light is about to disperse." Act 1 of "People of Beijing" by Cao Yu: "There is a long alley. out. From there came the monotonous sound of “Zi Niu Niu, Zi Niu Niu" on the uneven road. The Chu people of the Qing Dynasty won the "Suite of Jianhu · Shicheng Huaiguo": "In a temple, the lights of the four mountains burn at night." explanation of the word decomposition of phosphorus phosphorus í is a non-metallic element, the most common are “white phosphorus” and “red phosphorus”: phosphorus fire (commonly known as “phosphatic fertilizer”). Lipids containing phosphorus and nitrogen are important components of living organisms and are abundant in the brain, liver, eggs, etc. Radical: phosphorus explanation: phosphorus í is a non-element. metallic, the most common are "white phosphorus" and "red phosphorus": phosphorus fire (commonly called "will-o'-the-wisp") Phospholipids (lipids containing phosphorus and nitrogen are important components of. bodys alive and are abundant in the brain, liver, eggs, etc. animals). Radical: stone.
What is the English abbreviation of lithium battery
18650 lithium battery
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18650 is the origin of lithium -ion battery - A standard lithium-ion battery model defined by the Japanese company SONY in order to reduce costs. 18 indicates a diameter of 18mm, 65 indicates a length of 65mm, and 0 indicates a cylindrical battery. Common 18650 batteries are divided into lithium ion batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries. Lithium ion battery voltage is 3.6V and 4.2V, lithium iron phosphate battery voltage is 3.2V, capacity is 1200mAh to 3600mAh, capacity Common is 2200 mAh to 3600 mAh.
Chinese name: 18650Lithium battery
Battery diameter: 18mm
Battery height: 65.0mm
Common types: lithium ion battery, lithium iron batteryphosphate
Voltage: 4.2V, 3.6V, 3.2V, 1.2V
Common capacity: 2500MAH
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Lithium battery (Li-ion, lithium-ion battery): Lithium-ion batteries have the advantages of being lightweight, large capacity and not having a memory effect. Therefore, many digital devices use lithium-ion batteries as power sources, although their prices are relatively expensive. The energy density of lithium-ion batteries is very high, their capacity is 1.5-2 times that of nickel-metal hydride batteries of the same weight, and their self-discharge rate is very low. In addition, lithium-ion batteries have practically no “memory effect” and do not contain toxic substances, which is also an important reason for their widespread use. Additionally, please note that the exterior of lithium batteries is usually marked with the words 7.2V lithiumion Battery (lithium battery) or 7.2V lithium Second Battery (lithium Second Battery) or 7.2V lithiumion rechargeable Battery (rechargeable lithium battery) in English, so users should be careful when purchasing batteries. Look clearly at the signs on the battery pack to avoid confusing nickel-cadmium and nickel-hydrogen batteries with lithium batteries because you cannot clearly see the battery type.
Lithium batteries are labeled 3.7V or 4.2V. It's just that the manufacturer's labeling is different. 3.7V refers to the platform voltage (i.e. typical voltage) of battery discharge during use, while 4.2V refers to the voltage when it is fully charged. The common 18650 rechargeable lithium battery has a standard voltage of 3.6 or 3.7 V. When fully charged, it is 4.2 V. This has little to do with power ( capacitye). The main capacity of 18650 batteries ranges from 1800 mAh to 2600 mAh (18650). power battery capacity mainly 2200~3600 mAh), and the main capacity even has a capacity of 3500 or 4000 mAh or more (remind everyone that home batteries on the market with a rated capacity of 3 200 mAh or more are all wrong, and the maximum capacity currently in mass production is 3600 mAh and the only mature manufacturer of 3600 mAh is LG).
It is generally believed that when the no-load voltage of a lithium battery is lower than 3.0V, it is considered exhausted (the specific value depends on the threshold value of the battery protection board). battery, such as as low as 2.8 V and 3.2 V). When discharging most lithium batteries, the no-load voltage cannot be lowered below 3.2V, otherwise excessive discharge will damage the battery (generally lithium batteries on the marketare basically used with protection plates, so over-discharging will also cause the protection plate to fail to detect the battery, making it impossible to charge the battery). 4.2 V is the maximum limit voltage for battery charging. It is generally believed that the lithium battery is fully charged when its no-load voltage reaches 4.2V. During the battery charging process, the battery voltage gradually increases from 3.7V to 4.2V. When When charging lithium batteries, the no-load voltage cannot be charged above 4.2V, otherwise the battery will be damaged. .
The theoretical battery life of the 18650 is 1,000 charge cycles. Due to their large capacity per unit density, most of them are used in laptop batteries. In addition to 18650 lithium batteries, 18650 has very good work stability and is widewidely used in various electronic fields: often used in high-end strong light. Flashlights, portable power supplies, wireless data transmitters, electric thermal clothing and shoes, portable instruments, portable lighting equipment, portable printers, industrial instruments, medical instruments, etc.
18650 means 18mm in diameter and 65mm in length. The model number of the AA battery is 14500, with a diameter of 14mm and a length of 50mm. Generally, 18650 batteries are mainly used in industry and rarely for civilian purposes. They are commonly used in high-end laptop batteries and flashlights.
18650 is only the battery size model. According to the type of battery, it can be divided into lithium ion 18650, lithium iron phosphate 18650, nickel metal hydride 18650 (rare) and common. 18650 is lithium-ion.
The principle ofhe operation of lithium-ion batteries refers to its principle of charging and discharging. When the battery is charged, lithium ions are generated on the positive electrode of the battery and the generated lithium ions move to the negative electrode via the electrolyte. The carbon used as a negative electrode has a layered structure with numerous micropores. The lithium ions that reach the negative electrode are integrated into the micropores of the carbon layer. The more lithium ions, the higher the charging capacity.
Similarly, when the battery is discharged (that is, the process when we use the battery), the lithium ions embedded in the carbon layer of the negative electrode are released and return towards the positive electrode. The more lithium ions that return to the positive electrode, the higher the discharge capacity. What we usually call battery capacity refers to the ACdischarge rate.
It is not difficult to see that during the charging and discharging process of lithium-ion batteries, lithium ions are in a state of movement from the positive electrode → the negative electrode → the positive electrode. If we compare the lithium-ion battery to a rocking chair, the two ends of the rocking chair are the poles of the battery, and the lithium ions are like excellent athletes, running back and forth at both ends of the rocking chair. So, experts have given the lithium-ion battery a nice name: rocking chair battery.
Lithium ion battery
Lithium metal batteries generally use manganese dioxide as the positive electrode material, lithium metal or its metal alloy as the negative electrode material and use a non-aqueous electrolyte solution. .
Characteristics of the shell
Lithium, atomic number 3 and patomic weight 6.941, is the lightest alkaline metallic element. To improve safety and voltage, scientists invented materials such as graphite and lithium cobalt oxide to store lithium atoms. The molecular structures of these materials form tiny nanoscale storage networks, which can be used to store lithium atoms. In this way, even if the battery case breaks and oxygen enters, it is also because the oxygen molecules are too large to enter these small storage compartments, so the atoms of lithium will not come into contact with oxygen and will avoid an explosion.
Protective measures
Once the lithium battery cell is overcharged to a voltage higher than 4.2V, it will start to produce side effects. The higher the overload voltage, the higher the risk. OnceIf the lithium battery cell voltage is greater than 4.2V, the number of lithium atoms remaining in the positive electrode material is less than half. At this point, the storage cells often collapse, causing a permanent loss of battery capacity. If charging continues, since the storage compartment of the negative electrode has been filled with lithium atoms, subsequent lithium metal will accumulate on the surface of the negative electrode material. These lithium atoms will grow dendrites from the surface of the negative electrode towards the lithium ions. These lithium metal crystals will pass through the separator and short circuit the positive and negative electrodes. Sometimes the battery explodes before a short circuit occurs. This is because during the overcharging process, the electrolyte and other materials break down to produce gas, causing the cock to swell and rupture.ue of the battery or pressure valve, allowing oxygen to enter and react with the lithium. The atoms accumulated on the surface of the negative electrode thus explode.
Therefore, when charging lithium batteries, the upper voltage limit should be set so that the life, capacity and safety of the battery can be taken into account same time. The ideal upper limit of charging voltage is 4.2 V. Lithium batteries should also have a lower voltage limit when discharging. When the cell voltage is lower than 2.4 V, some materials begin to be destroyed. And since the battery will discharge automatically, the voltage will decrease as it is discharged. Therefore, it is better not to stop discharging at 2.4V. During the period when a lithium battery is discharged from 3.0V to 2.4V, the energy released is only qu approximately 3% of the battery capacity. Therefore, 3.0 V is an ideal discharge cut-off voltage. When charging and discharging, in addition to voltage limitation, current limitation is also necessary. When the current is too high, the lithium ions do not have time to penetrate the storage location and will accumulate on the surface of the material.
After these lithium ions obtain electrons, they will produce crystals of lithium atoms on the surface of the material, which is as dangerous as overcharging. If the battery case breaks, it will explode. Therefore, the protection of lithium-ion batteries should at least include: the upper limit of the charging voltage, the lower limit of the discharge voltage and the upper limit of the current. Generally, in a lithium battery, in addition to the lithium battery core, there will be a protective plate. This protection plate mainly ensuresthese three protections. However, these three protections of the protection board are obviously not enough, and lithium battery explosion incidents are still common in the world. To ensure the safety of the battery system, more careful analysis must be carried out on the causes of battery explosions.